Veidlapa Nr. M-3 (8)

Course Description Status: Approved

Course Description Version: 24/25.P.1.00

Description Period: 2024./25 academic year pavasara semestris

Study Course Accepted: -

Study Course Description

Russia and International Organisations

Main Study Course Information

Course Code
SZF_064
Branch of Science
Political science
ECTS
6.00
Target Audience
Political Science
LQF
Level 7
Study Type And Form
Full-Time

Study Course Implementer

Course Supervisor
Gunda Reire
Structure Unit Manager
Karina Palkova
Structural Unit
Faculty of Social Sciences
Contacts

Dzirciema street 16, Rīga, szf@rsu.lv

About Study Course

Objective

The aim of the course is to synthesise Russian domestic and foreign policy trends and search for internal and external identity and challenges therein to gain an accurate and in-depth understanding of contemporary Russian policy and activities in international organisations; its objectives, challenges and working methods. We will focus on three variables. First, Russia’s internal resources and capabilities. Second, the environment – regional and global. Third, leadership ambitions. The course will examine Russia’s policy towards the US, Europe, China and the so-called post-Soviet space in the context of international organisations. This study course offers a contextually rich and historically informed understanding of the key concepts that continue to shape Russian foreign policy. Rather than being structured chronologically, the course is divided into conceptual clusters that address the most enduring, contentious and ambiguous aspects that together form the core of Russian foreign policy discourse and are reflected in Russia’s policies and activities in various international organisations. Russia’s role in and relations with the UN, NATO, the EU, the OSCE, the Council of Europe, the Arctic Council, the Eurasian Economic Union, the CIS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Collective Security Treaty Organisation will be examined, covering a wide range of areas. The course will be permeated with an assessment of the political, economic and security interests that shape Russia’s foreign policy, Russia’s approach to multilateralism and its activities within multilateral institutions.

Preliminary Knowledge

General knowledge of the theories and methods of international relations and basic historical knowledge of the period after World War II.

Learning Outcomes

Knowledge

1.Using the in-depth knowledge of Russia’s role and activities in international organisations acquired in the study course, students will compare and contrast Russia’s approaches both within the organisations it has established and Russia-centred organisations (e.g. CIS, CSCE, EEU) and in wider regional and international organisations (e.g. UN, OSCE, EP). Based on a literature analysis of historical and current experiences of transitional processes, students will explain Russia’s approaches, challenges and opportunities within different international organisations.

Skills

1.Students will select and critically evaluate the scientific literature relevant to the topic of the independent work on Russia’s participation and role in international organisations and the factors characterising it, combining theoretical and empirical sources, as well as sources from Russia itself, international organisations and other countries, along with analytical materials from researchers and the results of journalists’ work. Students will critically evaluate ideas expressed in the scientific literature and discuss the interpretation of these ideas in peer presentations. When preparing their independent work, students will compare and contrast different methods of Russia’s operation in different international organisations.

Competences

1.By contrasting Russia’s activities in different organisations, students will demonstrate in practice their understanding of Russia’s role, activities and future development scenarios within the framework of international organisations in professional, academic and business environments. Analytical competences will be developed as students base their conclusions on the identification, correlation and interrelation of causal links. Using their competences in different fields and their knowledge of the factors influencing Russia’s actions, students will forecast Russia’s actions in different international formats and develop the ability to generalise and apply these skills to other countries in these and other international organisations, as well as to other issues where the national and international environment closely interact.

Assessment

Individual work

Title
% from total grade
Grade
1.
Individual work
-
-
Within the module, students will prepare for seminars, read recommended readings, prepare a report and presentation. The objective of the seminars is to develop students’ ability to justify their point of view; to stimulate activity; to test their knowledge of the topic and the material. The objective of the report is to develop the ability to identify the main problem of the topic; to identify and evaluate alternative arguments and points of view; to present one’s own point of view, explaining and arguing why this point of view is more acceptable and superior to any other. The report must compare all possible alternatives, considering all their weaknesses and strengths. Another objective is to develop the skills to independently research situations and problems, evaluate them and develop solutions.

Examination

Title
% from total grade
Grade
1.
Examination
-
-
The student is required to present and submit a paper according to the topics listed below (2 to 3 presenters per topic, depending on the size of the group). Presentations of draft reports will take place in the class section of the course, drafts must be supplemented according to what was discussed during class and the revised version submitted for assessment. Technical requirements for the paper: 4 pages with line spacing 1, Times New Roman 12 or equivalent. References in footnotes, layout according to the Chicago Manual of Style.
2.
Examination
-
-
Attendance – 10% Activity and preparedness during classes – 30% Presentation and report – 40% Final examination (essay) – 20%

Study Course Theme Plan

FULL-TIME
Part 1

  1. Introduction. Russia’s Foreign Policy as a Continuation of Domestic Policy by Other Means

Annotation: Russia’s foreign policy and security policy have a very clear objective. It is to consolidate the existing domestic political order and to strengthen Russia’s position internationally beyond its borders. These two ambitions are very much interlinked. Russia’s foreign policy is topic- and area-oriented rather than principle-oriented, which is in stark contrast to the old ideology-driven foreign policy of the USSR. Russia’s current foreign policy is dictated by the notion of national interests. National interests are a product of a nation’s interaction with the world, and Russia’s strategic choices can be seen as a reaction to the behaviour of Western powers. This lecture will analyse Russia’s seven visions of the post-1991 world and national interests, and combine them with the country’s policy towards institutionalised multilateralism. Literature: Domanska, M. State of Russian Economy and its Influence on Putin’s Politics at the 4th Term. In: The Russian Economy: Prospects for Putin 4.0, Kudors, A., Hermanis, J. (eds.) Riga, Centre for East European Policy Studies University of Latvia Press, 2020, pp. 15-27. http://appc.lv/eng/wpcontent/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/Research_Russian_Economy_2020.pdf. Tsygankov, A. Understanding Change and Continuity in Russia’s Foreign Policy. In: Russia's Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity in National Identity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 4th edition, 2019, pp.1-31.
EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Lecture
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Russia’s Foreign and Security Policy Doctrine

Annotation: Despite the perception that Russia is unpredictable in international relations and that its soul is incomprehensible, an analysis of the strategic documents of the Russian Federation shows that the country acts in a highly rational manner. However, this rationality differs from Western rationality: the two sides have fundamentally different understandings not only of what constitutes acceptable international behaviour (values and norms), but also of the objectives and natural drives that permeate them. Russia’s objectives and interests are clearly listed in the country’s national security and defence documents and reveal a wide range of information. This lecture will analyse the leading topics of Russian foreign and security policies, their continuity and changes in official documents and speeches. Literature: Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. 1 December 2016. See The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/2542248 Lavrov, S. Russia’s Foreign Policy in a Historical Perspective.  Russia in global affairs 14.2 (2016). https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/russias-foreign-policy-in-a-historical-perspective-2/ Putin, V. Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy. 10 February 2007. President of Russia web page http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034.
EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Lecture
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Instrumentalisation of International Organisations: The Role of Multilateralism in

Annotation: Russia is a member of a wide range of global and regional institutions, and this membership is part of the country’s overall foreign policy. However, Russia has a specific view of multilateralism – it sees international organisations as instruments for achieving its foreign and security policy objectives. Russia’s changing role in international organisations is closely linked to fluctuations in the country’s domestic and foreign policies. Since 1991, Russia’s place and role in international organisations has gone through different phases. They have been connected to the country’s domestic political situation and its global environment. In this lecture, we will touch upon one of the key features of Russia’s foreign policy – the sense of superiority, or the view that Russia has a unique status and deserves a leading role in the world. Among other case studies, we will also look at the issues related to Russia’s accession to the WTO, as well as Russia’s activities during the OPEC Covid-19 crisis. Literature: Lukyuanov, F. Putin’s Foreign Policy: The Quest to Restore Russia’s Rightful Place. Foreign Affairs 95 (2016), pp. 30-37. Locatelli, C., Sylvain, R. Russia’s Gas and Oil Policy: the Emerging Organizational and Institutional Framework for Regulating Access to Hydrocarbon Resources. In: States and Markets in Hydrocarbon Sectors. Belyi, A.V., Talus, K. (eds.) London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, pp, 103-121.
EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Lecture
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. The Central Role of the United Nations in Russia’s Foreign Policy

Annotation: One of the main elements of Russia’s early post-Soviet foreign policy was the desire and need to restore its great power status and reverse its insignificance and decline in prestige in the post-Cold War period. During this period, this was only possible through its status as a strong permanent member of the UN Security Council. Russia is one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council, and this is one of the country’s most important international privileges, which it uses extensively and strategically. The issue of intervention in the Syrian civil war is a good example. The changing global balance in recent years, characterised by the emergence of a multipolar global configuration, suggests that Russia will no longer rely solely on its Security Council membership as a guarantee of its great power status. Literature: Remler, P. Russia at the United Nations: Law, Sovereignty, and Legitimacy. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 22, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/01/22/russia-at-united-nations-law-sovereignty-and-legitimacy-pub-80753 Reykers, Y., Smeets, N. Losing control: a principal‐agent analysis of Russia in the United Nations Security Council's decision‐making towards the Libya crisis. East European Politics, 31(4), 2015, pp. 369-387.
EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Lecture
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Neither Enemies nor Friends? Workable Relations With Europe

Annotation: Europe and Russia have experienced very different phases of their relationship. Significant changes in Russia’s domestic and foreign policies have had a negative impact on Russia-EU relations, which can be conceptualised in political, cultural and ideological terms. The different visions originally took the form of legal, administrative or economic arguments, but today they are already seen as fundamental normative and value-based disagreements. More broadly, Europe and Russia have deeply conflicting perceptions of EU enlargement in general. Russia is also a member of the Council of Europe, once an exclusive club of democracies, and is now considered the leading human rights organisation on the continent. This lecture will also cover current developments, such as the suspension and restoration of Russia’s voting rights in the Council of Europe. Literature: Lang, K.O., Westphal, K. Russia and the European Union – The Changing Role of Energy. In: The Russian Economy: Prospects for Putin 4.0, Kudors, A., Hermanis, J. (eds Riga, Centre for East European Policy Studies University of Latvia Press, 2020, pp. 75-95. http://appc.lv/eng/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/Research_Russian_Economy_2020.pdf Liuhto, K. The Economic Dependence of EU Member States on Russia pp. In: The War in Ukraine: Lessons for Europe Pabriks, A., Kudors, A. (eds.) Riga, The Centre for East European Policy Studies, University of Latvia Press, 2015, 78-91. http://appc.lv/eng/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/gramata-ar-vaku.pdf
EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Lecture
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Unequal Relations. Russia, USA and NATO

Annotation: While the West was preoccupied with the Middle East and Islamic terrorism, Russia was gradually re-establishing itself as a softer version of the Soviet Union and thus as a new threat to the West. The asymmetric relationship between Russia and the West is, in simple terms, the result of the fact that Russia is prepared to use armed force whenever necessary, while the West does not have such a pattern of action. The Enhanced Forward Presence is the security and deterrence military presence of additional forces of NATO allies in Central Europe through Poland and in Northern Europe through Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia to protect NATO Eastern Flank members perceived as a high security risk area. The decision was taken after Russia invaded the Crimean Peninsula and launched a war in the Donbas to deploy multinational battle groups in countries where the risk of a possible Russian invasion or attack is considered to be the highest. The main security challenges in the Baltic region are related to Russia’s growing capabilities combined with its provocative military actions. This behaviour is a clear indication of Russia’s desire to gain an advantage in its rivalry with NATO, as Russia itself has declared. At the same time, however, Russia has a relationship with NATO. It is related to the Alliance through the so-called NATO-Russia Council, and this relationship gives Russia a voice in NATO’s actions, albeit admittedly in a very limited form. Literature: Shakleina, T. Common Traits and Differences in Russian – American Relations. International Trends (Mezhdunarodnye protsessy). Volume 2. No. 3 (4), 2016. pp. 23–33  http://intertrends.ru/system/Doc/ArticlePdf/1701/037du1GHyv.pdf   Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. 1 December 2016. See The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/2542248 Rumer, E., Sokolsky, R. Etched in Stone: Russian Strategic Culture and the Future of Transatlantic Security. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 8, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/09/08/etched-in-stone-russian-strategic-culture-and-future-of-transatlantic-security-pub-82657
EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Lecture
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Russia as a Co-Manager in International Institutions? Russia-China Cooperation

Annotation: In many ways, Russian-Chinese cooperation is the result of naturally complementary interests that go back further than the current period of tension with the US. Growing alienation from the US is literally forcing Moscow and Beijing to deepen their cooperation in further, more complex, areas. This has not prevented the two countries from being at odds in their actions in the same region, since Russia may be seen as needing China more than China needs Russia. This lecture will explore the power asymmetry with Russia as a driver of Russia’s Asia policy. This lecture will analyse the breadth of Russia-China relations, focusing on Russia’s areas of interest and depth of participation in international organisations. The asymmetry of relations, the level of convergence of interests, the phases of relations and issues of ad hoc cooperation will be addressed. The focus will be on Russia-China relations in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and on voting in the UN umbrella institutions, in particular the UN Security Council. Literature: Karpov M. The Grandeur and Miseries of Russia’s “Turn to the East”. Russia in Global Affairs #3, 2018, https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/TheGrandeur-and-Miseries-of-Russias-Turn-to-the-East-19806Bērziņa-Čerenkova, U.A. "The People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation as Strategic Allies: Narrative analysis of public statements by Russian and Chinese officials." Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, 2020, https://www.stratcomcoe.org/peoples-republic-china-and-russian-federation-strategic-allies Gorenburg, D. An Emerging Strategic Partnership: Trends in Russia-China Military Cooperation. George C. Marshall Center for European Security Studies, 2020, https://www.marshallcenter.org/en/publications/security-insights/emerging-strategic-partnership-trends-russia-china-military-cooperation-0
EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Lecture
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Russia as an Active Architect. Regional Organisations in the Post-Soviet Space

Annotation: Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Russia has focused its policies and resources on strengthening its power and influence among its neighbours, including by acting as an active architect – creating or initiating new international organisations. In other words, it has been done in an area that was once part of the Soviet Union. In Russian political jargon, this part of the world is known as the ‘near abroad’. Russia insists that it has special privileges in these countries, in this territory. The former Soviet Union, with the exception of the Baltic States, is still considered Russia’s sphere of influence. With it, Russia is trying to establish greater security on its periphery, to maximise its economic opportunities, and this approach can be seen as a return to the old buffer zones. Various international organisations operate in the so-called post-Soviet space. Russia dominates most of them. In this lecture we will cover the Customs Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), which is the oldest organisation in the area, the Collective Security Treaty Organisation and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. It should be noted, however, that most of these organisations are weak in the areas of resource investment and policy coordination, and the number of members and level of membership of these organisations has changed dramatically over the years. Literature: Trenin, D. Russia’s Relations with the CIS Countries: Outlook for 2020. Carnegie Moscow Center, 2013. https://carnegie.ru/2013/03/28/russia-s-relations-with-cis-countries-outlook-for-2020-pub-51395 Mankoff, J. Russia, the Post-Soviet Space and Challenges to U.S. Policy. In: The Policy World Meets Academia: Designing U.S. Policy toward Russia. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2010, https://www.amacad.org/publication/policy-world-meets-academia-designing-us-policy-toward-russia/section/6 Balodis, M. Eurasian Economic Union: Numbers and Trends. In: The Russian Economy: Prospects for Putin 4.0, Kudors, A., Hermanis, J. (eds.) Riga, Centre for East European Policy Studies University of Latvia Press, 2020, pp. 109-125. http://appc.lv/eng/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/Research_Russian_Economy_2020.pdf
EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Lecture
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. The Human Rights Card. Russia at the UN, the Council of Europe and the OSCE

Annotation: The human rights situation in Russia continues to deteriorate. The authorities respond to growing civic activism with bans, repressive laws and show trials, with very few exceptions to this practice. Russian authorities use repressive legislation to silence critical and independent voices, persecute religious minority groups, discriminate on grounds of sexual orientation, gender or nationality. Despite this, comprehensive defence of human rights as an urgent and necessary task is to be found in all Russian strategic foreign and security policy documents. This lecture will analyse the interaction between Russia and the UN human rights system. In particular, Russia’s strategic documents speak of the legitimate rights of Russian citizens and compatriots living abroad. In international organisations, Russia uses this internationally sensitive issue – human rights – as a political tool. In the case of the Baltic States, tools and policies to defend democracy must also include an adequate response to the information war waged by Russia and the activities of Russian-funded NGOs. They are working against the Baltic States by spreading lies, disinformation, hatred and false expertise in international organisations regarding the human rights situation of the Russian-speaking population. This lecture will cover international organisations such as the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the UN. Literature: Kropatcheva, E. The evolution of Russia's OSCE policy: from the promises of the Helsinki final act to the Ukrainian crisis. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 23.1, 2015, pp. 6-24. Casier, T. A Classic Dilemma: Russia's Threat to Withdraw from the Council of Europe. Heinrich Böll Stiftung European Union, 2018. Available: https://eu.boell.org/en/2018/02/21/classic-dilemma-russias-threat-withdraw-council-europe
EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Lecture
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Russia’s Craving for Expansion and Buffer Zones on the Agenda of International Organisations

Annotation: A very important characteristic of Russian foreign policy is an insatiable desire for security, which manifests itself in expansion and buffer zones. Of course, in the 21st century, buffer zones no longer exist in the way they did in the Cold War atmosphere of outright hostility, for example in the form of the Warsaw Pact. However, the war in Georgia in 2008, the annexation of Crimea in 2014, the constant efforts to control the situation in the Baltics, the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as the regular threats to NATO regarding the alliance’s enlargement, are proof that ideological buffer zones still play a very important role in the country’s politics. In this lecture we will analyse how Russia’s desire for expansion and buffer zones is reflected in the agendas of different international organisations – what are the reactions, the specifics of decision-making and the effectiveness of international organisations in addressing these issues. Literature: Morning Session: Russia and the West – Managing Crises. Riga Conference 2019, YouTube https://m.youtube.com/watch?fbclid=IwAR3zEA_POdAFXd9wlZr6JWhV14BkNJphMrMlfskwDf9MfrgpcIHN_x99gnE&feature=share&v=OnnxC9gE0zQ Allison, R. Russian ‘deniable’ intervention in Ukraine: how and why Russia broke the rules. International Affairs 90.6, 2014, pp. 1255- 1297.
EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Lecture
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. The Russian Perspective on the Concept of Multilateralism. Literature Discussion. Presentations of Reports

EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2
2.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. External Threats in Russian National Security and Defence Documents. Literature Discussion. Presentations of Reports

EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Russia’s Involvement in the Syrian Civil War: The Example of the UN Security Council. Literature Discussion. Presentations of Reports

EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2
2.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. From ‘Agents’ to ‘Undesirables’: Perspectives for International Organisations Registered Outside Russia. Literature Discussion. Presentations of Reports

EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. 6 Years: Russia’s Narrative in the General Debate of the UN General Assembly. Literature Discussion. Presentations of Reports

EventType
Modality
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Contact hours
1.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Give and Take? Russia-EU Cooperation in the Field of Energy. Literature Discussion. Presentations of Reports

EventType
Modality
Location
Contact hours
1.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. NATO’s Future Enlargement Plans for Ukraine and Georgia: Four Perspectives. Literature Discussion. Presentations of Reports

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Contact hours
1.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2
2.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Instruments of Russian Influence in Regional International Organisations. Literature Discussion. Presentations of Reports

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Location
Contact hours
1.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Frozen Dreams: Russia in the Arctic Council. Literature Discussion. Presentations of Reports

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Contact hours
1.
Class/Seminar
On site
Auditorium
2

  1. Three Scenarios for Russia’s Role in Institutionalised Global Governance. Literature Discussion. Presentations of Reports. Conclusion of the Course

EventType
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1.
Class/Seminar
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Auditorium
2
Total ECTS (Creditpoints):
6.00
Contact hours:
46 Academic Hours
Final Examination:
Exam (Written)

Bibliography

Required Reading

1.

Visa literatūra ir angļu valodā un piemērota gan latviešu, gan angļu plūsmas studentiem

2.

Azerbaijan: Government Repression Tarnishes Chairmanship Council of Europe's Leadership Should Take Action. Human Rights Watch, 2014.

3.

Ben-Ari, R. International Nongovernmental Organizations: “Global Conscience” or Powerful Political.

4.

Casier, T. A Classic Dilemma: Russia's Threat to Withdraw from the Council of Europe. Heinrich Böll Stiftung European Union, 2018.

5.

Copelovitch M. Master or Servant? Common Agency and the Political Economy of IMF Lending. International Studies Quarterly 54(1), 2010, pp. 49-77.

6.

Donno D. Who is Punished? Regional Intergovernmental Organizations and the Enforcement of Democratic Norms. International Organization 64(4), 2010, pp. 593-625.

7.

Hyde S. Catch Us if You Can: Election Monitoring and International Norm Diffusion. American Journal of Political Science 55(2), 2011, pp. 356-369.

8.

Kahn R., Tananbaum S. The IMF and the Next Global Crisis. Global Economics Monthly March 2016.

9.

Karns M., Mingst K., Stiles K. International Organizations: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2015, pp. 1-40.

10.

Komisar L. Interview with Joseph Stiglitz. 2011. Global Policy Forum.

11.

Langhorne R. New Directions of Multilateral Diplomacy. The Changing Roles of State and Nonstate Actors in Diplomatic Practice. In: Muldoon Jr. J. P., Aviel J. P., Reitano R., Sullivan E. (Eds.) Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Westview Press, 2018, pp. 298-308.

12.

NATO at 70 - The bedrock of European and transatlantic security. Speech by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at the Körber Global Leaders Dialogue, Berlin, 2019.

13.

Pallas C. L., Urpelainen J. NGO monitoring and the legitimacy of international cooperation: A strategic analysis. Review of International Organizations 7(1), 2012, pp. 1âA¸S32.

14.

Pelc K. Seeking Escape: the Use of Escape Clauses in International Trade Agreements. International Studies Quarterly 53(2), 2009, pp. 349-368.

15.

Rose A. Do We Really Know that the WTO Increases Trade? American Economic Review 94 (1), 2004, pp. 98-114.

16.

Schroeder W. NATO at seventy: Filling NATO’s critical defense-capability gaps. Atlantic Council, 2019.

17.

Schwab S. C. After Doha. Foreign Affairs, May/June 2011.

18.

Sirkku K. H. Multilateralism and economic justice. In: Newman E., Thakur R., Tirman J. (Eds.) Multilateralism Under Challenge? Power, International Order and Structural Change. United Nations University Press, 2006, pp.422-440.

19.

Stone R. The Scope of IMF Conditionality. International Organization 62(4), 2008, pp. 489-620.

20.

Sullivan E. Multilateral Diplomacy in the Twenty-first Century. In: Muldoon Jr. J. P., Aviel J. P., Reitano R., Sullivan E. (Eds.) Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Westview Press, 2018, pp. 273-284.

21.

Thakur R. Pacific settlement, collective security and international peacekeeping. In: Thakur R. The United Nations, Peace and Security. Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 27-47.

22.

Tomz M., Goldstein J. L., Rivers D. Do We Really Know That the WTO Increases Trade? Comment. American Economic Review 97(5), 2007, pp.2005-2018.

Additional Reading

1.

Werker E., Ahmed F. What Do Non-Governmental Organizations Do? 2007.

2.

Barnett M., Finnemore M. The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations. International Organization 53(4), 1999. pp. 699-732.

3.

Heiskanen V. The rationality of the use of force and the evolution of international organization. In: Coicaud J. M., Heiskanen V. (Eds.) The Legitimacy of International Organizations. The United Nations University Press, 2001, pp. 155-185.

4.

Kelley J. D-Minus Elections: The Politics and Norms of International Election Observation. International Organization 63(4), 2009, pp. 765-787.

5.

Pevehouse J. Democracy from the Outside In? International Organizations and Democratization. International Organization 56(3), 2002, pp. 519-549.

6.

Wallander C. Institutional Assets and Adaptability: NATO after the Cold War. International Organization 54(4), 2000, pp. 705-735.

7.

Wallensteen P., Johansson P. Security Council Decisions in Perspective. In: Malone D. M. (Ed.) The UN Security Council. From the Cold War to the 21st Century. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004, pp. 17-33.

8.

Martin, L., Simmons, B. Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions. International Organization 52(4), 1998, pp. 729-757.

9.

Voeten E.The Political Origins of the UN Security Council’s Ability to Legitimize the Use of Force. International Organization 59(3), 2005, pp. 527-557.

Other Information Sources

1.

The European Convention on Human Rights.

2.

The United Nations System – Organizational Chart.

3.

TOP 100 NGOs.

4.

Election Observation Handbook. OSCE/ODHIR, 2010.

5.

Charter of the United Nations.

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