Introduction to the Science of Psychology

Psychology as an institutionally and conceptually unified branch of science that explores human behavior and psychiatric phenomena and includes different subsectors and professional fields. Psychology research objects, central issues and their diversity. Classification of mental phenomena (processes, states, traits) and central questions of psychology regarding human behaviour, mental functioning and subjective experience. Definition, conceptualisation and empirical operationalisation of psychiatric processes, conditions and traits in psychology. Definition of the profession of psychologist and fields of professional activity in the context of Latvia.

Psychology as an institutionally and conceptually unified branch of science that explores human behavior and psychiatric phenomena and includes different subsectors and professional fields. Psychology research objects, central issues and their diversity. Classification of mental phenomena (processes, states, traits) and central questions of psychology regarding human behaviour, mental functioning and subjective experience. Definition, conceptualisation and empirical operationalisation of psychiatric processes, conditions and traits in psychology. Definition of the profession of psychologist and fields of professional activity in the context of Latvia.

Heredity and environmental duality as one of the central explanatory issues of psychology. Interaction between biological, psychological and social factors in explaining human behaviour, mental processes and personality development. Understanding heredity and the environment in different contexts of psychology research. An insight into the basic approaches by which psychology empirically explores the effects of heredity and the environment.

Heredity and environmental duality as one of the central explanatory issues of psychology. Interaction between biological, psychological and social factors in explaining human behaviour, mental processes and personality development. Understanding heredity and the environment in different contexts of psychology research. An insight into the basic approaches by which psychology empirically explores the effects of heredity and the environment.

Psychology as empirical science and the basics of scientific statement in psychology. Quantitative and qualitative research approaches and their different knowledge-building principles. The role of the research question in psychological research and its relation to the methods used. Separation of correlation and causation in psychology studies. Options and limitations for interpretation of research results.

Psychology as empirical science and the basics of scientific statement in psychology. Quantitative and qualitative research approaches and their different knowledge-building principles. The role of the research question in psychological research and its relation to the methods used. Separation of correlation and causation in psychology studies. Options and limitations for interpretation of research results.

The role of scientific information in the empirical statement of psychology. Types and structure of scientific texts in psychology. Exploitation of scientific information resources and databases (searching, selection, analysis of literature). Psychological data and their role in research: basic principles, quality, interpretation and limitations of data collection. Research ethics in psychology: protecting study participants, informed consent, confidentiality and data security. Use of digital tools and artificial intelligence in psychology research.

The role of scientific information in the empirical statement of psychology. Types and structure of scientific texts in psychology. Exploitation of scientific information resources and databases (searching, selection, analysis of literature). Psychological data and their role in research: basic principles, quality, interpretation and limitations of data collection. Research ethics in psychology: protecting study participants, informed consent, confidentiality and data security. Use of digital tools and artificial intelligence in psychology research.

The emergence of psychology as empirical science in the mid-19th century within the framework of psychophysics (Weber-Fechner). Introduction of measurement and experiment in psychology and establishment of laboratory psychology (W. Wunt), as well as early empirical studies of cognitive processes, including memory measurements (H. Ebinhaus). Operationalisation of psychiatric processes, including sensations, perceptions, consciousness, mind and emotions (gestalt). Research into individual differences, the role of psychometrics and statistics in psychology. Empirical research of behaviors and cognitive processes within the framework of Biheviorism (J. Watson, B. F. Skinner) and its impact on psychology methodology.

The emergence of psychology as empirical science in the mid-19th century within the framework of psychophysics (Weber-Fechner). Introduction of measurement and experiment in psychology and establishment of laboratory psychology (W. Wunt), as well as early empirical studies of cognitive processes, including memory measurements (H. Ebinhaus). Operationalisation of psychiatric processes, including sensations, perceptions, consciousness, mind and emotions (gestalt). Research into individual differences, the role of psychometrics and statistics in psychology. Empirical research of behaviors and cognitive processes within the framework of Biheviorism (J. Watson, B. F. Skinner) and its impact on psychology methodology.

The emergence of psychology as empirical science in the mid-19th century within the framework of psychophysics (Weber-Fechner). Introduction of measurement and experiment in psychology and establishment of laboratory psychology (W. Wunt), as well as early empirical studies of cognitive processes, including memory measurements (H. Ebinhaus). Operationalisation of psychiatric processes, including sensations, perceptions, consciousness, mind and emotions (gestalt). Research into individual differences, the role of psychometrics and statistics in psychology. Empirical research of behaviors and cognitive processes within the framework of Biheviorism (J. Watson, B. F. Skinner) and its impact on psychology methodology.

The formation of a tradition of structuralism and introspection and its criticism. The approach of functionalism and the idea of adaptation, their impact on psychology research issues such as function, adaptation and day-to-day behaviour, and the expansion of research methods, including observation and comparative research. The evolution of cognitive psychology (in the second half of the 20th century) and its shift to cognitive neuroscience today. Professionalisation and applied nature of psychology (functionalism, early 20th century).

The formation of a tradition of structuralism and introspection and its criticism. The approach of functionalism and the idea of adaptation, their impact on psychology research issues such as function, adaptation and day-to-day behaviour, and the expansion of research methods, including observation and comparative research. The evolution of cognitive psychology (in the second half of the 20th century) and its shift to cognitive neuroscience today. Professionalisation and applied nature of psychology (functionalism, early 20th century).

The formation of a tradition of structuralism and introspection and its criticism. The approach of functionalism and the idea of adaptation, their impact on psychology research issues such as function, adaptation and day-to-day behaviour, and the expansion of research methods, including observation and comparative research. The evolution of cognitive psychology (in the second half of the 20th century) and its shift to cognitive neuroscience today. Professionalisation and applied nature of psychology (functionalism, early 20th century).

The formation of a tradition of structuralism and introspection and its criticism. The approach of functionalism and the idea of adaptation, their impact on psychology research issues such as function, adaptation and day-to-day behaviour, and the expansion of research methods, including observation and comparative research. The evolution of cognitive psychology (in the second half of the 20th century) and its shift to cognitive neuroscience today. Professionalisation and applied nature of psychology (functionalism, early 20th century).

Methodological “twists” 20.gs. in the second half, emphasizing the synthesis of research results, the importance of meta-analysis and effect sizes. Statistics as language of scientific interpretation and related limitations (p-values, statistical capacity and prejudices of publications). Improvement of psychological measurements: the logic of standardisation of tests, the concept of norms and the importance of error in measurements. The importance of Construction validity and measurement invariance, especially in cultural and linguistic contexts.

Methodological “twists” 20.gs. in the second half, emphasizing the synthesis of research results, the importance of meta-analysis and effect sizes. Statistics as language of scientific interpretation and related limitations (p-values, statistical capacity and prejudices of publications). Improvement of psychological measurements: the logic of standardisation of tests, the concept of norms and the importance of error in measurements. The importance of Construction validity and measurement invariance, especially in cultural and linguistic contexts.

Developing developmental psychology as an empirical tradition, including child studies, developmental research designs and observational methodology. The development of social psychology and the transition from laboratory to community context through experiments, surveys and group process research. Empirical strengthening of clinical psychology based on diagnostic thinking, clinical measurement and evidence-based practice. The evolution of biological approaches from neuropsychology to cognitive neuroscience and empirical research into brain-behavioural bonding. Methodological principles of modern psychology, including replicability, validity and open science approaches.

Developing developmental psychology as an empirical tradition, including child studies, developmental research designs and observational methodology. The development of social psychology and the transition from laboratory to community context through experiments, surveys and group process research. Empirical strengthening of clinical psychology based on diagnostic thinking, clinical measurement and evidence-based practice. The evolution of biological approaches from neuropsychology to cognitive neuroscience and empirical research into brain-behavioural bonding. Methodological principles of modern psychology, including replicability, validity and open science approaches.

Developing developmental psychology as an empirical tradition, including child studies, developmental research designs and observational methodology. The development of social psychology and the transition from laboratory to community context through experiments, surveys and group process research. Empirical strengthening of clinical psychology based on diagnostic thinking, clinical measurement and evidence-based practice. The evolution of biological approaches from neuropsychology to cognitive neuroscience and empirical research into brain-behavioural bonding. Methodological principles of modern psychology, including replicability, validity and open science approaches.

An insight into the early stages of the development of Latvian psychology in the first half of the 20th century, highlighting the relationship between psychology and teacher education, higher education institutions and the first academic centres. Institutionalisation of psychology education and research, including first publications in Latvian, creation of laboratories and development of study programmes. An insight into the history of Latvian psychology in 20.gs. in the 40s to 80s, 90s and modern period. The beginning of the creation of the profession of psychologist 20.gs. in the 80s to 90s and 90s to 2000s. Regulating the profession “psychologist” in Latvia. Insight into the 21st century. In the development of Latvian psychology.

An insight into the early stages of the development of Latvian psychology in the first half of the 20th century, highlighting the relationship between psychology and teacher education, higher education institutions and the first academic centres. Institutionalisation of psychology education and research, including first publications in Latvian, creation of laboratories and development of study programmes. An insight into the history of Latvian psychology in 20.gs. in the 40s to 80s, 90s and modern period. The beginning of the creation of the profession of psychologist 20.gs. in the 80s to 90s and 90s to 2000s. Regulating the profession “psychologist” in Latvia. Insight into the 21st century. In the development of Latvian psychology.

Overview of cognitive, social and developmental psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research subjects, basic issues and empirical methods used. Explanation of basic principles and central concepts of psychology, theoretical framework, method of measurement and empirical justification. The multiplicity of concepts, differences in theoretical approaches and limitations on measurement in different research contexts are emphasised.

Overview of cognitive, social and developmental psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research subjects, basic issues and empirical methods used. Explanation of basic principles and central concepts of psychology, theoretical framework, method of measurement and empirical justification. The multiplicity of concepts, differences in theoretical approaches and limitations on measurement in different research contexts are emphasised.

Overview of cognitive, social and developmental psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research subjects, basic issues and empirical methods used. Explanation of basic principles and central concepts of psychology, theoretical framework, method of measurement and empirical justification. The multiplicity of concepts, differences in theoretical approaches and limitations on measurement in different research contexts are emphasised.

Overview of cognitive, social and developmental psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research subjects, basic issues and empirical methods used. Explanation of basic principles and central concepts of psychology, theoretical framework, method of measurement and empirical justification. The multiplicity of concepts, differences in theoretical approaches and limitations on measurement in different research contexts are emphasised.

Review of personality, clinical and organisational psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research objects, basic issues and empirical methods. Explanation of the concepts of central psychology within the framework of these sub-sectors, including personality, individual differences, emotions, motivation, stress, mental health, mental disorders, work behaviour and context of organisations. The conceptualization of concepts and diversity of measurement and the distinction between scientific research and professional practice are emphasized.

Review of personality, clinical and organisational psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research objects, basic issues and empirical methods. Explanation of the concepts of central psychology within the framework of these sub-sectors, including personality, individual differences, emotions, motivation, stress, mental health, mental disorders, work behaviour and context of organisations. The conceptualization of concepts and diversity of measurement and the distinction between scientific research and professional practice are emphasized.

Review of personality, clinical and organisational psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research objects, basic issues and empirical methods. Explanation of the concepts of central psychology within the framework of these sub-sectors, including personality, individual differences, emotions, motivation, stress, mental health, mental disorders, work behaviour and context of organisations. The conceptualization of concepts and diversity of measurement and the distinction between scientific research and professional practice are emphasized.

Review of personality, clinical and organisational psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research objects, basic issues and empirical methods. Explanation of the concepts of central psychology within the framework of these sub-sectors, including personality, individual differences, emotions, motivation, stress, mental health, mental disorders, work behaviour and context of organisations. The conceptualization of concepts and diversity of measurement and the distinction between scientific research and professional practice are emphasized.

Development directions, leading themes and methods of modern psychology in Latvia and international context. A reflection of psychology science and professional practice in the public space. Orientation in the information space of modern psychology and critical evaluation thereof. The role of professional and scientific psychology societies in the development of psychology and the development of professional standards.

Development directions, leading themes and methods of modern psychology in Latvia and international context. A reflection of psychology science and professional practice in the public space. Orientation in the information space of modern psychology and critical evaluation thereof. The role of professional and scientific psychology societies in the development of psychology and the development of professional standards.

Psychology as an institutionally and conceptually unified branch of science that explores human behavior and psychiatric phenomena and includes different subsectors and professional fields. Psychology research objects, central issues and their diversity. Classification of mental phenomena (processes, states, traits) and central questions of psychology regarding human behaviour, mental functioning and subjective experience. Definition, conceptualisation and empirical operationalisation of psychiatric processes, conditions and traits in psychology. Definition of the profession of psychologist and fields of professional activity in the context of Latvia.

Psychology as an institutionally and conceptually unified branch of science that explores human behavior and psychiatric phenomena and includes different subsectors and professional fields. Psychology research objects, central issues and their diversity. Classification of mental phenomena (processes, states, traits) and central questions of psychology regarding human behaviour, mental functioning and subjective experience. Definition, conceptualisation and empirical operationalisation of psychiatric processes, conditions and traits in psychology. Definition of the profession of psychologist and fields of professional activity in the context of Latvia.

Heredity and environmental duality as one of the central explanatory issues of psychology. Interaction between biological, psychological and social factors in explaining human behaviour, mental processes and personality development. Understanding heredity and the environment in different contexts of psychology research. An insight into the basic approaches by which psychology empirically explores the effects of heredity and the environment.

Psychology as empirical science and the basics of scientific statement in psychology. Quantitative and qualitative research approaches and their different knowledge-building principles. The role of the research question in psychological research and its relation to the methods used. Separation of correlation and causation in psychology studies. Options and limitations for interpretation of research results.

The role of scientific information in the empirical statement of psychology. Types and structure of scientific texts in psychology. Exploitation of scientific information resources and databases (searching, selection, analysis of literature). Psychological data and their role in research: basic principles, quality, interpretation and limitations of data collection. Research ethics in psychology: protecting study participants, informed consent, confidentiality and data security. Use of digital tools and artificial intelligence in psychology research.

The emergence of psychology as empirical science in the mid-19th century within the framework of psychophysics (Weber-Fechner). Introduction of measurement and experiment in psychology and establishment of laboratory psychology (W. Wunt), as well as early empirical studies of cognitive processes, including memory measurements (H. Ebinhaus). Operationalisation of psychiatric processes, including sensations, perceptions, consciousness, mind and emotions (gestalt). Research into individual differences, the role of psychometrics and statistics in psychology. Empirical research of behaviors and cognitive processes within the framework of Biheviorism (J. Watson, B. F. Skinner) and its impact on psychology methodology.

The emergence of psychology as empirical science in the mid-19th century within the framework of psychophysics (Weber-Fechner). Introduction of measurement and experiment in psychology and establishment of laboratory psychology (W. Wunt), as well as early empirical studies of cognitive processes, including memory measurements (H. Ebinhaus). Operationalisation of psychiatric processes, including sensations, perceptions, consciousness, mind and emotions (gestalt). Research into individual differences, the role of psychometrics and statistics in psychology. Empirical research of behaviors and cognitive processes within the framework of Biheviorism (J. Watson, B. F. Skinner) and its impact on psychology methodology.

The formation of a tradition of structuralism and introspection and its criticism. The approach of functionalism and the idea of adaptation, their impact on psychology research issues such as function, adaptation and day-to-day behaviour, and the expansion of research methods, including observation and comparative research. The evolution of cognitive psychology (in the second half of the 20th century) and its shift to cognitive neuroscience today. Professionalisation and applied nature of psychology (functionalism, early 20th century).

The formation of a tradition of structuralism and introspection and its criticism. The approach of functionalism and the idea of adaptation, their impact on psychology research issues such as function, adaptation and day-to-day behaviour, and the expansion of research methods, including observation and comparative research. The evolution of cognitive psychology (in the second half of the 20th century) and its shift to cognitive neuroscience today. Professionalisation and applied nature of psychology (functionalism, early 20th century).

The formation of a tradition of structuralism and introspection and its criticism. The approach of functionalism and the idea of adaptation, their impact on psychology research issues such as function, adaptation and day-to-day behaviour, and the expansion of research methods, including observation and comparative research. The evolution of cognitive psychology (in the second half of the 20th century) and its shift to cognitive neuroscience today. Professionalisation and applied nature of psychology (functionalism, early 20th century).

Methodological “twists” 20.gs. in the second half, emphasizing the synthesis of research results, the importance of meta-analysis and effect sizes. Statistics as language of scientific interpretation and related limitations (p-values, statistical capacity and prejudices of publications). Improvement of psychological measurements: the logic of standardisation of tests, the concept of norms and the importance of error in measurements. The importance of Construction validity and measurement invariance, especially in cultural and linguistic contexts.

Methodological “twists” 20.gs. in the second half, emphasizing the synthesis of research results, the importance of meta-analysis and effect sizes. Statistics as language of scientific interpretation and related limitations (p-values, statistical capacity and prejudices of publications). Improvement of psychological measurements: the logic of standardisation of tests, the concept of norms and the importance of error in measurements. The importance of Construction validity and measurement invariance, especially in cultural and linguistic contexts.

Developing developmental psychology as an empirical tradition, including child studies, developmental research designs and observational methodology. The development of social psychology and the transition from laboratory to community context through experiments, surveys and group process research. Empirical strengthening of clinical psychology based on diagnostic thinking, clinical measurement and evidence-based practice. The evolution of biological approaches from neuropsychology to cognitive neuroscience and empirical research into brain-behavioural bonding. Methodological principles of modern psychology, including replicability, validity and open science approaches.

Developing developmental psychology as an empirical tradition, including child studies, developmental research designs and observational methodology. The development of social psychology and the transition from laboratory to community context through experiments, surveys and group process research. Empirical strengthening of clinical psychology based on diagnostic thinking, clinical measurement and evidence-based practice. The evolution of biological approaches from neuropsychology to cognitive neuroscience and empirical research into brain-behavioural bonding. Methodological principles of modern psychology, including replicability, validity and open science approaches.

Developing developmental psychology as an empirical tradition, including child studies, developmental research designs and observational methodology. The development of social psychology and the transition from laboratory to community context through experiments, surveys and group process research. Empirical strengthening of clinical psychology based on diagnostic thinking, clinical measurement and evidence-based practice. The evolution of biological approaches from neuropsychology to cognitive neuroscience and empirical research into brain-behavioural bonding. Methodological principles of modern psychology, including replicability, validity and open science approaches.

An insight into the early stages of the development of Latvian psychology in the first half of the 20th century, highlighting the relationship between psychology and teacher education, higher education institutions and the first academic centres. Institutionalisation of psychology education and research, including first publications in Latvian, creation of laboratories and development of study programmes. An insight into the history of Latvian psychology in 20.gs. in the 40s to 80s, 90s and modern period. The beginning of the creation of the profession of psychologist 20.gs. in the 80s to 90s and 90s to 2000s. Regulating the profession “psychologist” in Latvia. Insight into the 21st century. In the development of Latvian psychology.

An insight into the early stages of the development of Latvian psychology in the first half of the 20th century, highlighting the relationship between psychology and teacher education, higher education institutions and the first academic centres. Institutionalisation of psychology education and research, including first publications in Latvian, creation of laboratories and development of study programmes. An insight into the history of Latvian psychology in 20.gs. in the 40s to 80s, 90s and modern period. The beginning of the creation of the profession of psychologist 20.gs. in the 80s to 90s and 90s to 2000s. Regulating the profession “psychologist” in Latvia. Insight into the 21st century. In the development of Latvian psychology.

Overview of cognitive, social and developmental psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research subjects, basic issues and empirical methods used. Explanation of basic principles and central concepts of psychology, theoretical framework, method of measurement and empirical justification. The multiplicity of concepts, differences in theoretical approaches and limitations on measurement in different research contexts are emphasised.

Overview of cognitive, social and developmental psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research subjects, basic issues and empirical methods used. Explanation of basic principles and central concepts of psychology, theoretical framework, method of measurement and empirical justification. The multiplicity of concepts, differences in theoretical approaches and limitations on measurement in different research contexts are emphasised.

Review of personality, clinical and organisational psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research objects, basic issues and empirical methods. Explanation of the concepts of central psychology within the framework of these sub-sectors, including personality, individual differences, emotions, motivation, stress, mental health, mental disorders, work behaviour and context of organisations. The conceptualization of concepts and diversity of measurement and the distinction between scientific research and professional practice are emphasized.

Review of personality, clinical and organisational psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research objects, basic issues and empirical methods. Explanation of the concepts of central psychology within the framework of these sub-sectors, including personality, individual differences, emotions, motivation, stress, mental health, mental disorders, work behaviour and context of organisations. The conceptualization of concepts and diversity of measurement and the distinction between scientific research and professional practice are emphasized.

Review of personality, clinical and organisational psychology as scientific sectors and sub-sectors of psychology, their research objects, basic issues and empirical methods. Explanation of the concepts of central psychology within the framework of these sub-sectors, including personality, individual differences, emotions, motivation, stress, mental health, mental disorders, work behaviour and context of organisations. The conceptualization of concepts and diversity of measurement and the distinction between scientific research and professional practice are emphasized.

Development directions, leading themes and methods of modern psychology in Latvia and international context. A reflection of psychology science and professional practice in the public space. Orientation in the information space of modern psychology and critical evaluation thereof. The role of professional and scientific psychology societies in the development of psychology and the development of professional standards.

Development directions, leading themes and methods of modern psychology in Latvia and international context. A reflection of psychology science and professional practice in the public space. Orientation in the information space of modern psychology and critical evaluation thereof. The role of professional and scientific psychology societies in the development of psychology and the development of professional standards.