Human Anatomy including Dissection Course

Title	% from total grade	Grade
1. Individual work	-	-
Individual work and work in groups with study materials, textbooks, RSU e-study environment, Web resources on anatomy, 3D virtual dissection table ‘Anatomage’, licensed educational software, CDs and DVDs; 3D model preparation, printing and processing.

Title	% from total grade	Grade
1. Examination	-	-
To successfully acquire the study course material and prepare for the final examination of the study course, the student performs the following activities: 1. Active participation in practical labs, pass the tests provided for in them (25%). 2. Individual work and/or group work in presentations (5%). 3. Application of the use of technique and correct preparation of material (10%). 4. 3D anatomical model printed individually and/or in groups (5%). 5. Work with study materials and literature (5%). The final assessment (mark) of the course consists of a written exam (50%). Actively participate in practical labs, pass the planned tests. Requirements: The student actively participates in all practical labs, productively participates in situation analysis discussions on the specific issue, problem, can substantiate and defend his/her opinion, uses appropriate terminology and refers to the read literature sources. Pass the planned tests successfully and on time. Individual and/or group work in presentations. Requirements: Works individually and/or in groups, asks questions, communicates with the tutor and classmates, checks and compares the result, expresses an opinion and concludes. Application of dissection technique and correct preparation of material. Requirements: The student knows, correctly uses the basic preparation technique and basic tools, works individually and/or in groups under the guidance of the tutor, correctly and qualitatively prepares the necessary material. Individually and/or in groups printed 3D anatomical model. Requirements: The student knows the basic concepts of 3D printing, techniques, safety, materials, working individually and / or in groups under the guidance of the tutor, qualitatively prepares, processes a 3D model before and after printing. Work with study materials and literature. Requirements: The student can select, use and identify certain anatomical structures in various study materials, can independently find and use the indicated literature sources. Semester test at the end of the 1st and 2nd semester and the exam at the end of the 3rd semester. Exam grade is applied only for students who have passed all the requirements and tests of the course. Exam grade is cumulative.

Anatomy as a course of instruction. Historical review of teaching anatomy course in Latvia. The concept of the axes and planes of the human body. Basic principles of the structure of the human body. Importance of anatomical terminology.

Spine, parts thereof, vertebrae. Sternum, ribs.

Bones of the upper limb. Bones of the pelvic girdle. Bones of the free lower limb.

General description of the skeletal system. Bone structure and chemical composition. Bone classification. General description of bone development and growth. Types of joints and their characteristics. Structure of synovial joints. Biomechanical and functional classification of joints.

Facet joints. Rib joints with the spine and sternum. Thorax.

Basic principles of skeletal development and possible anomalies. Bone segment and its characteristics. Clinical relevance of vertebral curvature and bone segment. Principles of skull development and possible anomalies. Features of the new-born skull. Skull shape variations, age-related changes and gender differences.

Pectoral girdle bone joints. Bone joints of the free upper limb.

Joints between the bones of the skull. Toography of the skull: temporal, infratemporal, pterygopaltine fossa, orbita, nasal cavity.

Pelvic girdle bone joints, pelvis as a unit. Bone joints of the free lower limb.

General description of the muscular system. Forms and classification of skeletal muscles. Basic principles of skeletal muscle structure and function. General description of body fasciae. Importance of muscles and fasciae in body movements. Dissection method in anatomy.

Sphenoid bone, occipital bone, frontal bone, parietal bone.

Development of skeletal muscles. Structure and weaknesses of the abdominal wall. Importance of weaknesses in the abdominal wall in clinical medicine.

Ethmoid bone, temporal bone and canals. Facial bones.

Diaphragma, structure, functions. Deep muscles of the back.

Skull joints. Skull topography.

Anatomy of a normal body posture. Wrong postures, effects thereof on the functioning of the organ systems. Description of muscle groups involved in normal posture. Morphological and functional description of the foot. Clinical significance of foot anatomy.

General information on technologies and applications. Introduction to 3D printing history. Explanation of the stages in the printing process from model creation to printed object stage and post-treatment.

General comparison of 3D printing technologies (e.g. FDM, DLP, SLA, etc.). Application of 3D printing in healthcare and medicine.

Colloquium on bones and bone joints.

A brief overview of popular 3D printers: technical specifications and security, software applications, and printing materials used. Choosing the optimal print settings and mode, print speed, frequency, temperature. Overview of basic materials.

Mimic muscles, chewing muscles. Head fascia. Neck muscles. Neck topography. Anatomy and topography of neck fascia.

Introduction to 3D scanning; scanners, their types and capabilities.

Superficial chest and back muscles, pectoral girdle muscles.

Muscles of the free upper limb, motion analysis, fasciae, synovial sheaths, and topographic features.

Muscles of the pelvic girdle. Muscles of the free lower limb, motion analysis, fasciae, synovial sheaths, and topographic features.

Deep muscles of the chest, diaphragm, fasciae of the chest. Deep muscles of the back, fasciae.

Abdominal muscles, fasciae. Abdominal muscle weakness.

Colloquium on skeletal muscles, fasciae, topographic features. Motion analysis.

Introducing a real 3D printer and its software. A more detailed look at the design of FDM 3D printers. An overview of the basic functions of the Slicer software Work in groups as a competition on 3D printing and modelling issues. Demonstration of a FDM printer and examination of practical examples.

Peculiarities of 3D modelling, creating a model for 3D printing, correction of errors. Software overview. Preparation of an anatomical model for printing. Work in groups as a competition on 3D printing and modelling issues. 3D modelling for 3D printing needs.

Work with 3D computer models, error correction, positioning, creation of correct support structures, optimal choice of layers and print settings. Work in groups as a competition on 3D printing and modelling issues. Practical work with a computer.

Basic activities in scanning and/or editing 3D human anatomical structures; scanning equipment, their capabilities, application. Presentation of 3D scanning capabilities. The end of the 1st semester of the course.

Principles of the structure of the nervous system. Division of the nervous system. Development of the nervous system and its connection to sensory organs.

Spinal cord. Meninges of spinal cord.

Medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum. Rhomboid fossa. The fourth ventricle of the brain.

Pyramidal system. Extrapyramidal system. Limbic system. The concept of nerve tracts.

Mesencephalon. Diencephalon. The third ventricle of the brain.

Mesencephalon. Diencephalon. Ventriculus tertius.

Meninges. Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Tracts.

General description of respiratory and digestive system organs, principles of organ development, clinically relevant variants of development.

Colloquium on the CNS.

Digestive system: oral cavity, throat.

General description of the urinary system, principles of organ development.

Oesophagus, stomach. Small and large intestine.

Liver, bile ducts. Pancreas. Spleen. Peritoneum.

General description of the male and female reproductive systems, principles of organ development.

Heart. External description of the heart, cavities, wall structure. Cardiac conduction system Topography of the heart.

Respiratory system: nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi. Lungs. Pulmonary pleurae. Mediastinum.

Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

Pelvic floor, functions, structure, fasciae, clinical importance.

Male internal and external genitalia.

The eye and visual pathways.

Female internal and external genitalia. The perineum.

The ear, auditory and balance pathways.

Colloquium on internal organ systems.

Organ of sight and hearing. The end of the 2nd semester of the course.

General description of the circulation system. Principles of the structure of the cardiovascular system. Anatomical classification of blood vessels.

Blood vessels of the small circulatory circle. The aorta, parts thereof. Ascending aorta. Heart’s blood vessels. Aortic arch, its topography, branches. Common and external carotid artery, its topography, branches and areas of blood supply.

Internal carotid artery, its topography, branches and areas of blood supply.

Venous systems of the human body; principles of venous blood flow. Types of vascular anastomoses and their role in circulation. Clinical description of portacaval anastomoses.

Subclavian artery, its topography, branches and areas of blood supply. Arterial blood supply to head and neck organs.

Upper limb arteries, their course, branches, areas of blood supply. Blood supply to upper limb bones, joints and muscles.

Functions, classification and principles of structure of the lymphatic system.

Thoracic and abdominal aortas, their topography, branches, areas of blood supply. Blood supply to the chest and abdominal organs.

Common, external and internal pelvic arteries: their course, branches, areas of blood supply. Arterial blood supply to the organs of the lesser pelvis. Lower limb arteries, their course, branches, areas of blood supply. Blood supply to lower limb bones, joints and muscles.

The division of the autonomic nervous system and the higher centres. Structure of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Head and neck veins. Venous outflow from head and neck organs.

Superior vena cava system. Thoracic cavity veins. Upper limb veins. Lower limb veins. Pelvic veins.

Structure of the sympathetic nervous system. The major plexuses of the autonomic nervous system and the principles of organ innervation.

Inferior vena cava system. Formation, topography, tributaries of the inferior vena cava. Portal vein and portal vein system. Venous outflow from the walls and organs of the chest, abdomen and lesser pelvis. Anastomoses of venous systems.

Endocrine glands, basic principles of their development and clinical significance of anatomical structure. Structure of the mammary gland.

Lymphatic system. Colloquium on blood supply to organs and blood vessels.

Spinal nerves. Brachial plexus: formation, topography, branches, areas innervated.

Intercostal nerves, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus: formation, topography, branches, areas innervated. Innervation of joints, skeletal muscles and skin.

Main topographic formations of the upper part of the body, their contents and clinical importance.

I – VII pair of brain nerves.

Main topographic formations of the lower part of the body, their contents and clinical importance.

VIII – XII pair of brain nerves. Innervation of organs of the head and neck.

Autonomic nervous system.

Colloquium on nerves and organ innervation of the spinal cord and the brain. The end of the 3rd semester of the course.