Veidlapa Nr. M-3 (8)
Study Course Description
Anatomy
Course Code
LF_313
Branch of Science
Clinical medicine
ECTS
6.00
Target Audience
Medicine
LQF
Level 5
Study Type And Form
Full-Time
Study Course Implementer
Course Supervisor
Dina Berloviene
Structure Unit Manager
Elīna Tolmačova
Structural Unit
Kurzeme Study Centre
Contacts
Liepāja, Riņķu Street 24/26, lf@rsu.lv, +371 63442118, +371 63442119, +371 63484632
About Study Course
Objective
Provide knowledge and develop understanding of the anatomical structure of the human body, organ topography, organ systems and their interconnectedness, developing the ability to use anatomical terminology and understand human body structures as the basis for the acquisition of future medical studies and the professional activities of an assistant physician.
Preliminary Knowledge
Basic knowledge of biology and chemistry at the level of secondary education, as well as understanding the basic principles of the structure and life processes of the human body.
Knowledge
- of basic biological knowledge of the structure of the human body and basic principles of life processes.
- Basic knowledge of chemistry regarding the construction of substances and chemical processes in the body.
Skills
- were able to navigate basic concepts of human body construction and biological terminology.
- Ability to analyse biological information and use learning materials in independent work.
Ability of competence
- to utilise knowledge of natural sciences acquired at the level of secondary education for further acquisition of medical studies.
- Readiness to systematically acquire new knowledge of the structure and functions of the human body.
Learning Outcomes
Knowledge
1.As a result of the completion of the study course, the student shall: - knows the anatomical structure and organ systems of the human body; - understands the structure, topography and interconnectedness of key organs and tissues in organ systems; - knows the main anatomical terms and is able to use them in medical terminology (Latin); - understand the association of the structure of organ systems with the physiological processes of the body.
Skills
1.As a result of the completion of the study course, the student is able to: - identify the main anatomical structures in anatomical models, images and diagrams; - characterise the structure of human organ systems and their interconnectedness; - use anatomical terminology in professional communication; - analyse the role of anatomical structures in the function of the human body.
Competences
1.As a result of the completion of the study course, the student shall be able to: - use anatomy knowledge to acquire further medical studies and professional subjects; - integrate knowledge of the structure of the human body in order to understand the principles of how the body works; - apply anatomy knowledge in the context of the professional activities of the physician’s assistant.
Assessment
Individual work
|
Title
|
% from total grade
|
Grade
|
|---|---|---|
|
1.
Literature studies |
-
|
-
|
|
Work with study materials, specialised literature, Internet resources assessing the interconnection of organ and organ systems. |
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|
2.
Development of diagrams/presentations |
-
|
Test
|
|
Development of independent work in the form of schemes or presentations on the construction and interconnection of human body organ systems. The works include analysis of the bones, joints and muscles involved in the movements, the blood vessels of the large circulatory circuit, parts of the lymphatic system, upper and lower respiratory tracts, the circulation and inervation of the digestive organs, the nerves of the head and spinal cord, parts of the vegetative nervous system and sensory organs. |
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|
3.
Preparing for practice |
-
|
-
|
|
Acquisition of anatomical structures, organ systems and their interconnectedness through learning literature, anatomical images, diagrams and digital learning materials in order to be able to identify and characterise relevant structures during practice sessions. |
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|
4.
Preparation for intermediate examinations and exams |
-
|
-
|
|
Repetition and systemisation of study materials, strengthening knowledge of the structure of the human body, organ systems and anatomical terminology. |
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Examination
|
Title
|
% from total grade
|
Grade
|
|---|---|---|
|
1.
colloquium 1 |
10.00% from total grade
|
10 points
|
|
General foundations of human body construction; tissue characteristics; bone division; types of bone compounds; key parts of skeleton. |
||
|
2.
colloquium 2 |
10.00% from total grade
|
10 points
|
|
Muscle division, main skeletal muscle groups and their functionality in the human body. |
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|
3.
colloquium 3 |
10.00% from total grade
|
10 points
|
|
The main parts of the circulatory system and the lymphatic system and the construction of the respiratory system. |
||
|
4.
colloquium 4 |
10.00% from total grade
|
10 points
|
|
Digestive system; endocrine system; uropoetic (urinary) system; reproductive system. |
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|
5.
colloquium 5 |
10.00% from total grade
|
10 points
|
|
Spinal cord; brain; sensory system. |
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|
6.
Examination (written) |
50.00% from total grade
|
10 points
|
|
A written examination on all topics acquired in the study course, examining the student’s knowledge of the structure of the human body, organ systems and anatomical terminology. |
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Study Course Theme Plan
FULL-TIME
Part 1
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
General basics of body structure, tissue characteristics
Description
Human body organization levels, anatomical terminology, body planes and directions. Basic concepts of cells and tissues, main types of tissues (epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissues and nerve tissues), their structure, properties and meaning in the human body. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Classification of bones, types of connections, parts of the skeleton
Description
Classification of bones by shape and structure, their function in the human body. Types of bone compounds (continuous and terminated compounds), joint construction and mobility. Key parts of human skeletons – skeletons, spines, thoracic and limb skeletons, basic principles of their construction and their role in the support and movement system. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Classification of bones, types of connections, parts of the skeleton
Description
Classification of bones by shape and structure, their function in the human body. Types of bone compounds (continuous and terminated compounds), joint construction and mobility. Key parts of human skeletons – skeletons, spines, thoracic and limb skeletons, basic principles of their construction and their role in the support and movement system. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Classification of bones, types of connections, parts of the skeleton
Description
Classification of bones by shape and structure, their function in the human body. Types of bone compounds (continuous and terminated compounds), joint construction and mobility. Key parts of human skeletons – skeletons, spines, thoracic and limb skeletons, basic principles of their construction and their role in the support and movement system. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Classification of bones, types of connections, parts of the skeleton
Description
Classification of bones by shape and structure, their function in the human body. Types of bone compounds (continuous and terminated compounds), joint construction and mobility. Key parts of human skeletons – skeletons, spines, thoracic and limb skeletons, basic principles of their construction and their role in the support and movement system. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Classification of bones, types of connections, parts of the skeleton
Description
Classification of bones by shape and structure, their function in the human body. Types of bone compounds (continuous and terminated compounds), joint construction and mobility. Key parts of human skeletons – skeletons, spines, thoracic and limb skeletons, basic principles of their construction and their role in the support and movement system. |
-
Test
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Computer room
|
2
|
Topics
|
General basics of body structure, tissue characteristics
Description
Human body organization levels, anatomical terminology, body planes and directions. Basic concepts of cells and tissues, main types of tissues (epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissues and nerve tissues), their structure, properties and meaning in the human body. |
|
Classification of bones, types of connections, parts of the skeleton
Description
Classification of bones by shape and structure, their function in the human body. Types of bone compounds (continuous and terminated compounds), joint construction and mobility. Key parts of human skeletons – skeletons, spines, thoracic and limb skeletons, basic principles of their construction and their role in the support and movement system. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Classification, groups, functionality of muscles
Description
Types of muscle tissue and classification of skeletal muscle by structure and function. The main muscle groups in the human body and their role in providing movement, maintaining the body’s posture and moving joints. Basic principles of muscle function and their functional relationship to bones and joints in the support and movement system. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Classification, groups, functionality of muscles
Description
Types of muscle tissue and classification of skeletal muscle by structure and function. The main muscle groups in the human body and their role in providing movement, maintaining the body’s posture and moving joints. Basic principles of muscle function and their functional relationship to bones and joints in the support and movement system. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Classification, groups, functionality of muscles
Description
Types of muscle tissue and classification of skeletal muscle by structure and function. The main muscle groups in the human body and their role in providing movement, maintaining the body’s posture and moving joints. Basic principles of muscle function and their functional relationship to bones and joints in the support and movement system. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Classification, groups, functionality of muscles
Description
Types of muscle tissue and classification of skeletal muscle by structure and function. The main muscle groups in the human body and their role in providing movement, maintaining the body’s posture and moving joints. Basic principles of muscle function and their functional relationship to bones and joints in the support and movement system. |
-
Test
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Computer room
|
2
|
Topics
|
Classification, groups, functionality of muscles
Description
Types of muscle tissue and classification of skeletal muscle by structure and function. The main muscle groups in the human body and their role in providing movement, maintaining the body’s posture and moving joints. Basic principles of muscle function and their functional relationship to bones and joints in the support and movement system. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Parts of the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Description
The structure and main components of the circulatory system – cardiovascular and circulatory arcs. Types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) and their role in ensuring circulation. The structure and functions of the lymphatic system, lymphatic wires, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs, their role in fluid circulation and in providing the body’s immune protection. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Parts of the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Description
The structure and main components of the circulatory system – cardiovascular and circulatory arcs. Types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) and their role in ensuring circulation. The structure and functions of the lymphatic system, lymphatic wires, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs, their role in fluid circulation and in providing the body’s immune protection. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Parts of the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Description
The structure and main components of the circulatory system – cardiovascular and circulatory arcs. Types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) and their role in ensuring circulation. The structure and functions of the lymphatic system, lymphatic wires, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs, their role in fluid circulation and in providing the body’s immune protection. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Parts of the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Description
The structure and main components of the circulatory system – cardiovascular and circulatory arcs. Types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) and their role in ensuring circulation. The structure and functions of the lymphatic system, lymphatic wires, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs, their role in fluid circulation and in providing the body’s immune protection. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Respiratory system
Description
Structure and main components of the respiratory system: upper and lower respiratory pathways. Anatomical structure and interdependence of the nasal cavity, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchial and lung. The role of the respiratory system in ensuring gas exchange and oxygen supply of the body. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Respiratory system
Description
Structure and main components of the respiratory system: upper and lower respiratory pathways. Anatomical structure and interdependence of the nasal cavity, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchial and lung. The role of the respiratory system in ensuring gas exchange and oxygen supply of the body. |
-
Test
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Computer room
|
2
|
Topics
|
Parts of the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Description
The structure and main components of the circulatory system – cardiovascular and circulatory arcs. Types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) and their role in ensuring circulation. The structure and functions of the lymphatic system, lymphatic wires, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs, their role in fluid circulation and in providing the body’s immune protection. |
|
Respiratory system
Description
Structure and main components of the respiratory system: upper and lower respiratory pathways. Anatomical structure and interdependence of the nasal cavity, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchial and lung. The role of the respiratory system in ensuring gas exchange and oxygen supply of the body. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Uropoetic (urinary) system
Description
Structure and main components of the uropoetic or urinary system: kidneys, urea, bladder and urethra. The anatomical structure of the kidneys, their role in the formation of urine and in maintaining the balance of fluid and electrolytes in the body. Urinary tract function in the transport, accumulation and removal of urine from the body. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Uropoetic (urinary) system
Description
Structure and main components of the uropoetic or urinary system: kidneys, urea, bladder and urethra. The anatomical structure of the kidneys, their role in the formation of urine and in maintaining the balance of fluid and electrolytes in the body. Urinary tract function in the transport, accumulation and removal of urine from the body. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Reproductive system.
Description
The structure and key components of the reproductive system in the male and female body. Male reproductive organs – testicles, testes, auxiliary glands and penis; female reproductive organs – ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia. Role of reproductive system in genital cell formation |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Reproductive system.
Description
The structure and key components of the reproductive system in the male and female body. Male reproductive organs – testicles, testes, auxiliary glands and penis; female reproductive organs – ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia. Role of reproductive system in genital cell formation |
Total ECTS (Creditpoints):
4.00
Contact hours:
40 Academic Hours
Final Examination:
Test (Semester)
Part 2
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Description
Digestive system The structure and main components of the digestive system are the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, stomach, small and colon. Digestive glands – liver, gallbladder and pancreas, their role in digestive processes. The role of the digestive system in nutrient intake, cleavage and absorption in the body. Endocrine system Endocrine system structure and main internal secretion glands – pituitary, thyroid, epithelial, adrenal, pancreatic endocrine and genital glands. The role of hormones in regulating the body’s functions, ensuring growth, metabolism and homeostasis. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Description
Digestive system The structure and main components of the digestive system are the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, stomach, small and colon. Digestive glands – liver, gallbladder and pancreas, their role in digestive processes. The role of the digestive system in nutrient intake, cleavage and absorption in the body. Endocrine system Endocrine system structure and main internal secretion glands – pituitary, thyroid, epithelial, adrenal, pancreatic endocrine and genital glands. The role of hormones in regulating the body’s functions, ensuring growth, metabolism and homeostasis. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Description
Digestive system The structure and main components of the digestive system are the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, stomach, small and colon. Digestive glands – liver, gallbladder and pancreas, their role in digestive processes. The role of the digestive system in nutrient intake, cleavage and absorption in the body. Endocrine system Endocrine system structure and main internal secretion glands – pituitary, thyroid, epithelial, adrenal, pancreatic endocrine and genital glands. The role of hormones in regulating the body’s functions, ensuring growth, metabolism and homeostasis. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Description
Digestive system The structure and main components of the digestive system are the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, stomach, small and colon. Digestive glands – liver, gallbladder and pancreas, their role in digestive processes. The role of the digestive system in nutrient intake, cleavage and absorption in the body. Endocrine system Endocrine system structure and main internal secretion glands – pituitary, thyroid, epithelial, adrenal, pancreatic endocrine and genital glands. The role of hormones in regulating the body’s functions, ensuring growth, metabolism and homeostasis. |
-
Test
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Computer room
|
2
|
Topics
|
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Description
Digestive system The structure and main components of the digestive system are the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, stomach, small and colon. Digestive glands – liver, gallbladder and pancreas, their role in digestive processes. The role of the digestive system in nutrient intake, cleavage and absorption in the body. Endocrine system Endocrine system structure and main internal secretion glands – pituitary, thyroid, epithelial, adrenal, pancreatic endocrine and genital glands. The role of hormones in regulating the body’s functions, ensuring growth, metabolism and homeostasis. |
|
Uropoetic (urinary) system
Description
Structure and main components of the uropoetic or urinary system: kidneys, urea, bladder and urethra. The anatomical structure of the kidneys, their role in the formation of urine and in maintaining the balance of fluid and electrolytes in the body. Urinary tract function in the transport, accumulation and removal of urine from the body. |
|
Reproductive system.
Description
The structure and key components of the reproductive system in the male and female body. Male reproductive organs – testicles, testes, auxiliary glands and penis; female reproductive organs – ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia. Role of reproductive system in genital cell formation |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Nervous system - spinal cord
Description
Anatomical structure and position of the spinal cord in the spinal cord. The segmental structure of the spinal cord, the grey and white matter, and the nerve roots of the spinal cord. The role of the spinal cord in the transmission of nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body, as well as in the functioning of reflexes |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Nervous system - spinal cord
Description
Anatomical structure and position of the spinal cord in the spinal cord. The segmental structure of the spinal cord, the grey and white matter, and the nerve roots of the spinal cord. The role of the spinal cord in the transmission of nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body, as well as in the functioning of reflexes |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Nervous system - brain
Description
The anatomical structure and key parts of the brain – the big brain, the interbrain, the middle brain, the bridge, the oblong brain and the brain. Interconnectedness of brain structures and their role in movement coordination, processing sensory information and regulating the body’s functions. The role of the brain in ensuring the functioning of the central nervous system. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Nervous system - brain
Description
The anatomical structure and key parts of the brain – the big brain, the interbrain, the middle brain, the bridge, the oblong brain and the brain. Interconnectedness of brain structures and their role in movement coordination, processing sensory information and regulating the body’s functions. The role of the brain in ensuring the functioning of the central nervous system. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Sensory system
Description
The structure and main components of the sensory system – visual, auditory, balance, smell and taste organs. The construction of sensory receptors and their role in the perception of irritants to the external and internal environment. Transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system and its role in ensuring the reactions and adaptation of the body. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Auditorium
|
2
|
Topics
|
Sensory system
Description
The structure and main components of the sensory system – visual, auditory, balance, smell and taste organs. The construction of sensory receptors and their role in the perception of irritants to the external and internal environment. Transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system and its role in ensuring the reactions and adaptation of the body. |
-
Test
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
On site
|
Computer room
|
2
|
Topics
|
Nervous system - spinal cord
Description
Anatomical structure and position of the spinal cord in the spinal cord. The segmental structure of the spinal cord, the grey and white matter, and the nerve roots of the spinal cord. The role of the spinal cord in the transmission of nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body, as well as in the functioning of reflexes |
|
Nervous system - brain
Description
The anatomical structure and key parts of the brain – the big brain, the interbrain, the middle brain, the bridge, the oblong brain and the brain. Interconnectedness of brain structures and their role in movement coordination, processing sensory information and regulating the body’s functions. The role of the brain in ensuring the functioning of the central nervous system. |
|
Sensory system
Description
The structure and main components of the sensory system – visual, auditory, balance, smell and taste organs. The construction of sensory receptors and their role in the perception of irritants to the external and internal environment. Transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system and its role in ensuring the reactions and adaptation of the body. |
Total ECTS (Creditpoints):
2.00
Contact hours:
20 Academic Hours
Final Examination:
Exam (Written)
Bibliography
Required Reading
1.
Centrālā nervu sistēma, perifērā nervu sistēma un angioloģija. Metodiskās rekomendācijas studentiem/ red. J. Vētra. 2.izd. Rīga, AML/RSU, 2004. (akceptējams izdevums)
2.
Cilvēka kaulu un muskuļu sistēma. Metodiskās rekomendācijas anatomijā/ sastādītāji S. Umbraško, I. Duļevska, L.Gavričenkova. Rīga, RSU, 2009. (akceptējams izdevums)
3.
Sirds un iekšējo orgānu sistēmas. Metodiskās rekomendācijas studentiem/ red. J. Vētra. 2.izd. Rīga, RSU, 2010. (akceptējams izdevums)
4.
Splanhnoloģija. Metodiskās rekomendācijas studentiem/ red. J. Vētra. Rīga, RSU, 2010. (akceptējams izdevums)
5.
Mācību materiāli e-studijās
Additional Reading
1.
Cilvēka anatomija. Roka. Kāja / red. G. Knipše. Rīga, LU akadēmiskais apgāds, 2010.
2.
Straight A’s Anatomy & Physiology / Executive Publisher J. A. Schilling, New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
3.
Eglīte, Kamita. Anatomija. I [1.] daļa, Skelets un muskuļi: mācību līdzeklis bioloģijas, pedagoģijas, optometrijas, farmācijas un citās nemedicīnas studiju programmās. Piektais izdevums, Rīga: LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2019, 127 lpp.
4.
Eglīte, Kamita. Anatomija. II [2.] daļa, Asinsrites sistēma, iekšējie orgāni, nervu sistēmas, sensoriskā sistēma. Rīga: LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2020, 244 lpp.
5.
Apinis P. cilvēks. Anatomija. Fizioloģija, patoloģijas pamati. Rīga, Nacionālais Medicīnas apgāds, 1998.
Other Information Sources
1.
Studiju materiāli