Paediatric Gastroenterology I

Title	% from total grade	Grade
1. Individual work	-	-
To acquire theoretical knowledge and practical skills in matters of child feeding, to learn the specifics of the development and functional maturation of digestive tract in children. To independently prepare a clinical situation task, according to one of the topics of the seminars on coeliac disease and gastritis, justify the selected actions with the latest European guidelines.

Title	% from total grade	Grade
1. Examination	-	-
To assess the acquisition of clinical skills. To assess the theoretical knowledge in seminars. To assess the quality of independent learning (presentation), compliance with the latest guidelines, the ability to apply theoretical knowledge in the analysis of and dealing with clinical situations.

Ontogeny of the development of the gastrointestinal tract, clinical significance of its progress, functional development of the gastrointestinal tract. Endocrine system of the intestinal tract.

Oesophagus, anatomy and physiology thereof, features of embryonic development. Upper and lower oesophageal sphincter.

Gastroesophageal reflux – aetiology, pathophysiology, clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

Achalasia, other motor disorders. Esophageal motility disorders.

Food digestion, transport, absorption. Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats.

Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Bile acid synthesis and metabolism disorders. Primary and secondary defect.

Normal gut microbiota, changes in gut microbiota depending on age and diet. Dysbiosis of the small intestine: clinic, diagnosis, treatment.

Gastrointestinal motility.

Immunological function of the gastrointestinal tract.

Nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract. Structure and anatomy of neurons. The role of the vagus nerve in the innervation of the intestinal tract.

Hormones of the gastrointestinal tract, release thereof in newborns, infants and older children depending on feeding. Regulatory peptides of the gastrointestinal tract, localisation, physiology and secretion thereof.

Eating disorders and obesity. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Dysphagia and vomiting. Cyclic vomiting syndrome, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis and treatment thereof.

Acute abdominal pain – pathophysiology, possible causes. Differential diagnosis and specifics of acute pain at different ages.

Chronic recurrent abdominal pain – clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis.

Liquid absorption. Pathophysiological mechanisms of diarrhoea. Differential diagnosis of diarrhoea.

Oral cavity, tooth development. Associated anomalies. Dental damage due to other pathological conditions. Oral soft tissue damage. Salivary gland damage.

Constipation and encopresis – aetiology, pathogenesis, clinic, examination plan and treatment tactics.

Protein-energy undernutrition – causes, importance of anamnesis in diagnosis, paediatric examination, laboratory findings, treatment tactics.

Stomach, its embryonic development, anatomy, physiology, secretion. Normal mucosal histology.

Helicobacter pylori – microbiology, biochemistry, diagnosis, treatment.

Gastritis, gastropathy – causes, clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment.

Functional changes of the gastrointestinal tract in children with congenital and acquired immunodeficiency.

Peptic ulcer disease in children – aetiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment. Diseases associated with stimulation of gastric secretion.

Anatomy and physiology of the small and large intestine. Maldigestion, malabsorption. Digestion in the intestinal cavity, membrane digestion. Absorption. Diagnosis. Laboratory tests.

Nutritional assessment. Anthropometry. Body mass and height ratio. Head, chest circumference.

Allergic pathology related to the gastrointestinal tract. Food allergens. Immune, non-immune forms of food intolerance. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

Coeliac disease – epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, typical clinic and atypical forms, diseases associated with coeliac disease, diagnosis, treatment.

Short bowel syndrome – definition, aetiology, pathophysiology. Intestinal adaptation. Doctor’s tactics during treatment of these patients, prognosis.

Anatomy of the pancreas, physiology, embryology, functional ultrastructures, pancreatic enzymes, hormones, possible congenital anomalies.

Specific and non-specific tests for determining pancreatic function, changes thereof in functional insufficiency. Shwachman, Johanson-Blizzard syndrome Other diseases associated with insufficiency of the extrinsic function of the pancreas.

Infectious diarrhoea – aetiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, therapy. Diet therapy.

Water metabolism disorders in children with infectious diseases. Types and degrees of dehydration. Oral and intravenous rehydration.