Medical Microbiology and Immunology

Title	% from total grade	Grade
1. Individual work	-	-
Within the framework of the study course, students shall prepare a total of 4 presentations to be presented during practical classes in accordance with the topics of the study course. Two presentations shall be prepared on topics in general microbiology and two in immunology. Students may use resources available on e-studies, including study materials, videos on practical tasks and skills, materials regarding the immune response and video lectures on specific topics. In order to evaluate the quality of the study course as a whole, the student must fill out the study course evaluation questionnaire on the Student Portal.

Title	% from total grade	Grade
1. Examination	-	-
• Regular attendance of demo lectures and practical classes, and active participation in practical classes. • Completion of individual assignments. • Obtaining passing grades in colloquiua aimed at assessing theoretical knowledge and practical skills in medical microbiology and immunology. • Receiving a passing grade on regular tests throughout the semester. • A cumulative grade is granted on the basis of the aforementioned criteria. Grades obtained during the study course will count towards the cumulative grade with specific weight allocated to each grade: average grade of colloquiua will have a weight of 60%, grades for regular tests - 20%, and the grade for independent work - 20%. The cumulative grade will then be multiplied by a coefficient determined by attendance of demo lectures and practical classes. • A cumulative grade is considered as the final grade, if it amounts to a minimum of 4. • Students are permitted to decline their cumulative grade. In such cases, students shall take a final exam. It is a written exam consisting of theoretical questions, clinical cases and questions regarding the topics of practical classes.

Summary of principles of medical immunology and serology. Theory and practical skills and assessment.

Normal immune response, immune pathology, deficiency. Practical application of immune response in immunisation, principles of immune prevention, mechanisms.

Organisation of work in a microbiology laboratory. Preparation of microscopic samples. Simple staining methods. Gram's method of staining. Microscopy of basic bacterial forms.

Antigen presenting cells – B lymphocytes, macrophages, their differentiation and role in the immune response. B lymphocyte activation and antibody production. Primary and secondary humoral immune response. Cytokines. Reactions with labelled Ag and Av (Immunofluorescence, immunoenzymatic reactions). Polymerase and ligase chain reactions.

Introduction to medical microbiology. Groups of micro-organisms, taxonomy, classification. The structure of the bacterial cell- the cell wall, capsule, endospores and sporulation, flagella, pili.

Bacterial metabolism. Bacterial growth and multiplication. Regulation of metabolic pathways. Bacterial colonies, formation of biofilms

Innate immunity – general and cellular factors – phagocytosis, inflammation. TLR receptors, their role and mechanisms of action. Humoral factors of the innate immunity – complement system, pathways of activation, their role in activation of the adaptive immunity. Serologic reactions.

Cultivation techniques of bacteria. Growth factors. Culture media. Cultivation of anaerobic bacteria, methods. Techniques for isolation of pure bacterial cultures. Techniques for identification of pathogenic bacteria. Nature of bacterial growth on culture media. Detection of biochemical properties of bacteria. Serodetection techniques.

Antibiotics. Mechanisms of action of antibiotics. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Mechanisms of resistance. Methods for determining the susceptibility of micro-organisms to antibiotics. Sterilisation, sterilisation methods. Disinfection, disinfection methods.

Principles of serodiagnosis. Types of serological responses. Diagnosticums. Immune sera. Agglutination reactions. Precipitation reactions. Reactions with labelled Ag and Av (Immunofluorescence, immunoenzymatic reactions). Polymerase and ligase chain reactions.

Antigens, types, classification and properties. Structure of antigens. MHC – class I and class II antigens, characterisation, properties and the role in activation of the immune response. Antibodies, characteristics, properties and functions. Primary and secondary structure of antibodies. Immunoglobulins, their classes and their role in immune response.

Cultivation techniques of bacteria. Growth factors. Culture media. Cultivation of anaerobic bacteria, methods. Techniques for isolation of pure bacterial cultures. Techniques for identification of pathogenic bacteria. Nature of bacterial growth on culture media. Detection of biochemical properties of bacteria. Serodetection techniques.

Human microbiota and microbiota of the environment. Microbiome, it role in pathology. Evaluation of skin and oral microbiota. Evaluation of air and water microbiota.

Atypical bacteria, their role in pathology. Fungi-yeasts, moulds, their morphology and properties. Viruses, structure, replication, properties.The causative agents of parasitic infections, their morphology, properties and classification.

Cellular immune response, its mechanism. NK cells. Antiviral immune response. The role of antitoxic, antifungal and anticapsular immune response in the pathogenesis of various infectious diseases.Mechanisms of action and outcomes.

Innate immunity – general and cellular factors – phagocytosis, inflammation. TLR receptors, their role and mechanisms of action. Humoral factors of the innate immunity – complement system, pathways of activation, their role in activation of the adaptive immunity. Serologic reactions.

Hypersensitivity, characteristics, types of reactions and their mechanisms of action. Allergens, their characteristics and classification.

Organisation of work in a microbiology laboratory. Preparation of microscopic samples. Simple staining methods. Gram's method of staining. Microscopy of basic bacterial forms.

Principles of serodiagnosis. Types of serological responses. Diagnosticums. Immune sera. Agglutination reactions. Precipitation reactions. Reactions with labelled Ag and Av (Immunofluorescence, immunoenzymatic reactions). Polymerase and ligase chain reactions.

Antigen presenting cells – B lymphocytes, macrophages, their differentiation and role in the immune response. B lymphocyte activation and antibody production. Primary and secondary humoral immune response. Cytokines. Reactions with labelled Ag and Av (Immunofluorescence, immunoenzymatic reactions). Polymerase and ligase chain reactions.

Human microbiota and microbiota of the environment. Microbiome, it role in pathology. Evaluation of skin and oral microbiota. Evaluation of air and water microbiota.

Innate immunity – general and cellular factors – phagocytosis, inflammation. TLR receptors, their role and mechanisms of action. Humoral factors of the innate immunity – complement system, pathways of activation, their role in activation of the adaptive immunity. Serologic reactions.

Antibiotics. Mechanisms of action of antibiotics. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Mechanisms of resistance. Methods for determining the susceptibility of micro-organisms to antibiotics. Sterilisation, sterilisation methods. Disinfection, disinfection methods.

Types of interaction between micro-organisms and macro-organisms. Bacterial virulence factors, their role in infection. Description of the infection process. Transmission of infection.

Normal immune response, immune pathology, deficiency. Practical application of immune response in immunisation, principles of immune prevention, mechanisms.

Summary of principles of medical microbiology and assessment.

T lymphocytes, their histogenesis, characteristics and properties. Tly subpopulations and their role in the adaptive immunity. T lymphocyte activation.

Cellular immune response, its mechanism. NK cells. Antiviral immune response. The role of antitoxic, antifungal and anticapsular immune response in the pathogenesis of various infectious diseases.Mechanisms of action and outcomes.