Protection of the Rights of Medical Practitioners
Study Course Implementer
Dzirciema street 16, Rīga, szf@rsu.lv
About Study Course
Objective
To develop students' understanding of the legal status of medical practitioners, the limits of their professional activities and legal protection mechanisms, as well as the ability to legally solve professional, liability and digital health problem situations.
Preliminary Knowledge
Basic knowledge of medical law, human rights, civil law, administrative law and criminal law, and the ability to analyse legal provisions and case-law.
Learning Outcomes
Knowledge
1.Students will gain in-depth knowledge of the legal status, professional competence, autonomy, rights and obligations of medical practitioners and medical support staff.
2.Students will gain in-depth knowledge of informed consent, medical documentation, professional secrecy, health data protection, telemedicine and the use of artificial intelligence in medicine.
3.Students will gain in-depth knowledge of the civil, administrative, disciplinary, professional and criminal liability of medical practitioners, as well as procedural guarantees and legal protection mechanisms.
Skills
1.Students will acquire the skills to identify legally relevant facts and apply the relevant norms of Latvian, European Union and international law and case law in situations of medical practitioners' professional activities.
2.Students will gain the skills to analyze patient complaints, control by supervisory authorities, professional liability and digital health cases, distinguishing between medical risk, professional error and legal violation.
3.Students will acquire the skills to prepare a legally reasoned opinion, explanation, legal risk assessment and proposals for the protection of the rights and professional interests of medical practitioners.
Competences
1.Students will be able to independently and responsibly evaluate complex situations of medical practitioners' professional activities, balancing patients' rights, medical practitioners' rights and public interests.
2.Students will be able to make legally and ethically justified decisions on the competence, professional autonomy, responsibility and legal protection of medical practitioners.
3.Students will be able to integrate the requirements of medical law into professional activities, assessing the legal risks created by telemedicine, health data processing and artificial intelligence.
Assessment
Individual work
|
Title
|
% from total grade
|
Grade
|
|---|---|---|
|
1.
Attendance |
20.00% from total grade
|
Test
|
|
Students attend the study course classes according to the study schedule and register their participation in the E-studies in accordance with the procedure laid down. During the classes, the student participates in discussions, analysis of legal situations and other tasks set by the lecturer. In case of justified absence, the student acquires the missed study content and performs the compensatory task set by the lecturer. Attendance of classes is a mandatory requirement for the acquisition of the study course and a prerequisite for the successful completion of the course. |
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Examination
|
Title
|
% from total grade
|
Grade
|
|---|---|---|
|
1.
E-learning and knowledge test |
30.00% from total grade
|
10 points
|
|
Students independently watches the e-lecture posted in E-studies and familiarizes themselves with the attached teaching materials. After completing the e-lecture, the student completes an electronic knowledge test within the time limit set by the lecturer. |
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|
2.
Final test: on-site multiple choice test (MCQ) |
20.00% from total grade
|
10 points
|
|
The semester tes is an individual and in-person multiple-choice test on the entire content of the study course. The test includes closed-type questions with one or more correct answers according to the indication of each question. |
||
|
3.
Final exam: on-site multiple choice test (MCQ) |
30.00% from total grade
|
10 points
|
|
The final exam is an individual and in-person multiple-choice test on the entire content of the study course. The test includes closed-type questions with one or more correct answers according to the indication of each question. |
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Study Course Theme Plan
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Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Legal status of medical practitioners and human rights guarantees in professional activities
Description
The topic will analyze the legal status of the medical practitioner, professional rights and duties, as well as the importance of human rights in the medical process. Students will evaluate the application of professional autonomy, human dignity, equality, privacy and the right to a fair trial in the professional activities of the medical practitioner. |
|
Professional competence, autonomy and limits of professional activity of medical practitioners
Description
The topic will address the competence, registration, certification, professional standards and continuing education of medical practitioners and medical support staff. Students will analyse the boundaries of professional autonomy, the duty to act in accordance with competence, the delegation of tasks and the division of responsibilities among team members. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Informed consent, refusal of treatment and documentation as instruments of legal protection
Description
The topic will analyze the obligation of a medical practitioner to provide the patient with understandable information and obtain informed consent. The refusal of the patient from treatment, the withdrawal of consent, emergency situations and cases when the patient is unable to make an independent decision will be discussed. Special attention will be paid to the quality preparation of medical documentation as a legal protection tool for a medical practitioner. |
|
Professional activity in situations of limited patient autonomy and public health
Description
Students will analyse the rights and obligations of medical practitioners in the treatment of minors, patients with limited decision-making capacity and patients with mental disorders. Forced treatment, epidemiological safety measures, vaccination, isolation and proportionality of restrictions on fundamental rights will be examined. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Professional activity in situations of limited patient autonomy and public health
Description
Students will analyse the rights and obligations of medical practitioners in the treatment of minors, patients with limited decision-making capacity and patients with mental disorders. Forced treatment, epidemiological safety measures, vaccination, isolation and proportionality of restrictions on fundamental rights will be examined. |
|
Professional communication, confidentiality and protection of reputation of medical practitioners
Description
The topic will address the legal and ethical requirements of medical practitioner's professional communication. Students will analyze the duty of professional secrecy and confidentiality, the permissibility of disclosure of information, conflict with a patient or relatives, communication in social media, as well as the protection of medical practitioner's professional honor, dignity and reputation. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Professional communication, confidentiality and protection of reputation of medical practitioners
Description
The topic will address the legal and ethical requirements of medical practitioner's professional communication. Students will analyze the duty of professional secrecy and confidentiality, the permissibility of disclosure of information, conflict with a patient or relatives, communication in social media, as well as the protection of medical practitioner's professional honor, dignity and reputation. |
|
Health data, medical records and the duties of medical practitioners in the digital environment
Description
The topic will analyse the responsibility of medical practitioners for the processing of health data, the creation, accuracy, storage and provision of medical documentation. The requirements of the GDPR, professional secrecy, the national e-health system, the European health data space and the primary and secondary use of health data will be examined. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Telemedicine and cross-border healthcare: professional competence, jurisdiction and liability
Description
Students will analyse the provision of medical services remotely and across borders. The recognition of the professional qualification of a medical practitioner, licensing, applicable professional standards, jurisdiction, informed consent, documentation and liability in telemedicine situations will be examined. |
|
Artificial intelligence and clinical decision support systems in the work of medical practitioners
Description
The topic will analyze the use of artificial intelligence and automated decision support systems in diagnostics, treatment and patient monitoring. Students will evaluate the principle of human oversight, the risks of algorithmic bias, the explainability of decisions, the duty of the medical practitioner to critically evaluate AI results and the allocation of responsibility between the medical practitioner, the medical institution and the technology developer. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Artificial intelligence and clinical decision support systems in the work of medical practitioners
Description
The topic will analyze the use of artificial intelligence and automated decision support systems in diagnostics, treatment and patient monitoring. Students will evaluate the principle of human oversight, the risks of algorithmic bias, the explainability of decisions, the duty of the medical practitioner to critically evaluate AI results and the allocation of responsibility between the medical practitioner, the medical institution and the technology developer. |
|
Legal liability of medical practitioners and professional protection mechanisms
Description
The topic will compare the civil, administrative, disciplinary, professional and criminal liability of medical practitioners. Students will analyse fault, damage, causality, professional standard, medical risk and professional error. Professional liability insurance, the Medical Risk Fund and legal protection strategies will be discussed. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Conscience freedom of medical practitioners and complex ethical legal conflicts
Description
The topic will analyse the religious and conscience freedom of a medical practitioner and its limits in professional activities. The topic will address conflicts in reproductive health care, patient refusal of medical treatment for religious reasons, end-of-life decisions and the duty of a medical practitioner to ensure the effective implementation of the patient’s rights. |
|
Patient complaints, Health Inspectorate control and procedural guarantees for medical practitioners
Description
The topic will cover the handling of patient complaints in a medical institution and in supervisory institutions, as well as the course of planned and unplanned inspections by the Health Inspectorate. Students will analyse the rights of medical practitioners to receive information about allegations, to provide explanations, to submit evidence, to use legal assistance and to contest or appeal against decisions taken. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Legal liability of medical practitioners and professional protection mechanisms
Description
The topic will compare the civil, administrative, disciplinary, professional and criminal liability of medical practitioners. Students will analyse fault, damage, causality, professional standard, medical risk and professional error. Professional liability insurance, the Medical Risk Fund and legal protection strategies will be discussed. |
|
Analysis of situations in the field of legal practice and professional activity
Description
Students will analyse the case law of Latvia, the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights on the professional rights, duties and responsibilities of medical practitioners. Students will identify legally relevant facts, applicable legal provisions and procedural protection options and formulate reasoned solutions to professional situations. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Legal status of medical practitioners and human rights guarantees in professional activities
Description
The topic will analyze the legal status of the medical practitioner, professional rights and duties, as well as the importance of human rights in the medical process. Students will evaluate the application of professional autonomy, human dignity, equality, privacy and the right to a fair trial in the professional activities of the medical practitioner. |
|
Professional competence, autonomy and limits of professional activity of medical practitioners
Description
The topic will address the competence, registration, certification, professional standards and continuing education of medical practitioners and medical support staff. Students will analyse the boundaries of professional autonomy, the duty to act in accordance with competence, the delegation of tasks and the division of responsibilities among team members. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Informed consent, refusal of treatment and documentation as instruments of legal protection
Description
The topic will analyze the obligation of a medical practitioner to provide the patient with understandable information and obtain informed consent. The refusal of the patient from treatment, the withdrawal of consent, emergency situations and cases when the patient is unable to make an independent decision will be discussed. Special attention will be paid to the quality preparation of medical documentation as a legal protection tool for a medical practitioner. |
|
Professional activity in situations of limited patient autonomy and public health
Description
Students will analyse the rights and obligations of medical practitioners in the treatment of minors, patients with limited decision-making capacity and patients with mental disorders. Forced treatment, epidemiological safety measures, vaccination, isolation and proportionality of restrictions on fundamental rights will be examined. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Informed consent, refusal of treatment and documentation as instruments of legal protection
Description
The topic will analyze the obligation of a medical practitioner to provide the patient with understandable information and obtain informed consent. The refusal of the patient from treatment, the withdrawal of consent, emergency situations and cases when the patient is unable to make an independent decision will be discussed. Special attention will be paid to the quality preparation of medical documentation as a legal protection tool for a medical practitioner. |
|
Professional activity in situations of limited patient autonomy and public health
Description
Students will analyse the rights and obligations of medical practitioners in the treatment of minors, patients with limited decision-making capacity and patients with mental disorders. Forced treatment, epidemiological safety measures, vaccination, isolation and proportionality of restrictions on fundamental rights will be examined. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Professional communication, confidentiality and protection of reputation of medical practitioners
Description
The topic will address the legal and ethical requirements of medical practitioner's professional communication. Students will analyze the duty of professional secrecy and confidentiality, the permissibility of disclosure of information, conflict with a patient or relatives, communication in social media, as well as the protection of medical practitioner's professional honor, dignity and reputation. |
|
Health data, medical records and the duties of medical practitioners in the digital environment
Description
The topic will analyse the responsibility of medical practitioners for the processing of health data, the creation, accuracy, storage and provision of medical documentation. The requirements of the GDPR, professional secrecy, the national e-health system, the European health data space and the primary and secondary use of health data will be examined. |
-
Lecture
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Telemedicine and cross-border healthcare: professional competence, jurisdiction and liability
Description
Students will analyse the provision of medical services remotely and across borders. The recognition of the professional qualification of a medical practitioner, licensing, applicable professional standards, jurisdiction, informed consent, documentation and liability in telemedicine situations will be examined. |
|
Artificial intelligence and clinical decision support systems in the work of medical practitioners
Description
The topic will analyze the use of artificial intelligence and automated decision support systems in diagnostics, treatment and patient monitoring. Students will evaluate the principle of human oversight, the risks of algorithmic bias, the explainability of decisions, the duty of the medical practitioner to critically evaluate AI results and the allocation of responsibility between the medical practitioner, the medical institution and the technology developer. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Artificial intelligence and clinical decision support systems in the work of medical practitioners
Description
The topic will analyze the use of artificial intelligence and automated decision support systems in diagnostics, treatment and patient monitoring. Students will evaluate the principle of human oversight, the risks of algorithmic bias, the explainability of decisions, the duty of the medical practitioner to critically evaluate AI results and the allocation of responsibility between the medical practitioner, the medical institution and the technology developer. |
|
Conscience freedom of medical practitioners and complex ethical legal conflicts
Description
The topic will analyse the religious and conscience freedom of a medical practitioner and its limits in professional activities. The topic will address conflicts in reproductive health care, patient refusal of medical treatment for religious reasons, end-of-life decisions and the duty of a medical practitioner to ensure the effective implementation of the patient’s rights. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Conscience freedom of medical practitioners and complex ethical legal conflicts
Description
The topic will analyse the religious and conscience freedom of a medical practitioner and its limits in professional activities. The topic will address conflicts in reproductive health care, patient refusal of medical treatment for religious reasons, end-of-life decisions and the duty of a medical practitioner to ensure the effective implementation of the patient’s rights. |
|
Patient complaints, Health Inspectorate control and procedural guarantees for medical practitioners
Description
The topic will cover the handling of patient complaints in a medical institution and in supervisory institutions, as well as the course of planned and unplanned inspections by the Health Inspectorate. Students will analyse the rights of medical practitioners to receive information about allegations, to provide explanations, to submit evidence, to use legal assistance and to contest or appeal against decisions taken. |
-
Class/Seminar
|
Modality
|
Location
|
Contact hours
|
|---|---|---|
|
Off site
|
Online
|
2
|
Topics
|
Legal liability of medical practitioners and professional protection mechanisms
Description
The topic will compare the civil, administrative, disciplinary, professional and criminal liability of medical practitioners. Students will analyse fault, damage, causality, professional standard, medical risk and professional error. Professional liability insurance, the Medical Risk Fund and legal protection strategies will be discussed. |
|
Analysis of situations in the field of legal practice and professional activity
Description
Students will analyse the case law of Latvia, the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights on the professional rights, duties and responsibilities of medical practitioners. Students will identify legally relevant facts, applicable legal provisions and procedural protection options and formulate reasoned solutions to professional situations. |
Bibliography
Required Reading
Wilkinson, T. M. The Ethics of Public Health Paternalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2025.Suitable for English stream
Johnston, C.; Bradbury, P. 100 Cases in Clinical Ethics and Law. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2016.Suitable for English stream
Herring, J. Medical Law and Ethics. 10th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2025Suitable for English stream
Hervey, T. K.; McHale, J. V. European Union Health Law: Themes and Implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020–2027. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2025.Suitable for English stream
World Health Organization. Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021.Suitable for English stream
Raposo, V. L. “Telemedicine: The Legal Framework (or the Lack of It) in Europe.” GMS Health Technology Assessment. 2016,Suitable for English stream
Šāberte, L. Pacienta un ārsta tiesības paust savu reliģisko pārliecību ārstniecībā. Promocijas darbs. Rīga: Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte,
Palkova, K.; Šāberte, L. “Administrative Liability for Vaccination with an Age-Inappropriate SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Latvian Experience.” European Journal of Health Law. 2023,Suitable for English stream
Palkova, K.; Āboliņa, L. “Protection of the Rights of Minor Patients and Public Health Ballance: Challenges of Mandatory Vaccination.” Socrates. 2024,Suitable for English stream
Hervey T.K., Young C.A., Bishop L.E, “Research Handbook on EU Health Law and Policy”, Edward Elgar Publishing, UK, 2017.Suitable for English stream
Additional Reading
Casarosa, F., Gennari, F., & Rossi, A. (Eds.). (2025). Enabling and safeguarding personalized medicine. Springer.Suitable for English stream
Cohen, I. G., Baruch, S., Epstein, W. N., Robertson, C., & Shachar, C. (Eds.). (2025). Health law as private law: Pathology or pathway. Cambridge University Press.Suitable for English stream
Balestrieri, M., & Cauduro, A. (Eds.). (2026). The legal anatomy of the body: Health, rights, and politics in times of emergency. Springer.Suitable for English stream
European Court of Human Rights. (n.d.). HUDOC: European Court of Human Rights case-law database.Suitable for English stream
Court of Justice of the European Union. (n.d.). InfoCuria: Case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union.Suitable for English stream
Latvijas Republikas Augstākā tiesa. (n.d.). Judikatūras nolēmumu arhīvs.
Latvijas Republikas Satversmes tiesa. (n.d.). Lietas un nolēmumi.
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Digital health.Suitable for English stream
Eiropas Savienības Publikāciju birojs. (n.d.). EUR-Lex: Piekļuve Eiropas Savienības tiesību aktiem.Suitable for English stream
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Harnessing artificial intelligence for health.Suitable for English stream
Other Information Sources
Latvijas Republikas Satversme. (1922). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 43, 01.07.1993. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Pacientu tiesību likums. (2009). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 205, 30.12.2009. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Ārstniecības likums. (1997). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 167/168, 01.07.1997. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Par miruša cilvēka ķermeņa aizsardzību un cilvēka audu un orgānu izmantošanu medicīnā. (1992). Latvijas Republikas Augstākās Padomes un Valdības Ziņotājs, 1/2, 14.01.1993. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.
Epidemioloģiskās drošības likums. (1997). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 342/346, 30.12.1997. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Seksuālās un reproduktīvās veselības likums. (2002). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 27, 19.02.2002. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Civillikums. Ceturtā daļa: Saistību tiesības. (1937). Valdības Vēstnesis, 46, 26.02.1937. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Krimināllikums. (1998). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 199/200, 08.07.1998. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Administratīvās atbildības likums. (2018). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 225, 14.11.2018. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Ministru kabineta noteikumi Nr. 265 “Medicīnisko dokumentu lietvedības kārtība”. (2006, 4. aprīlis). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 57, 07.04.2006. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Ministru kabineta noteikumi Nr. 1268 “Ārstniecības riska fonda darbības noteikumi”. (2013, 5. novembris). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 228, 22.11.2013. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Ministru kabineta noteikumi Nr. 555 “Veselības aprūpes pakalpojumu organizēšanas un samaksas kārtība”. (2018, 28. augusts). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 176, 05.09.2018. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Ministru kabineta noteikumi Nr. 330 “Vakcinācijas noteikumi”. (2000, 26. septembris). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 341/343, 29.09.2000. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream
Veselības aprūpes finansēšanas likums. (2017). Latvijas Vēstnesis, 259, 31.12.2017. Spēkā esošā konsolidētā redakcija. Likumi.lv.Suitable for English stream